From battle of Boyne to the Union
After the death of William of Orange on March 8, 1702 the Parliament's passed under his reign thePenal Laws which forbad Mass being said under the penalty of death.
These laws passed sequentually in 1695, 1697,1699, 1704, 1709 and 1728 took away any catholic right to vote, to bear arms, to educate the child, to own a horse worth more than 5 pounds.
All professions , any army or naval service, any public office and legal practice were closed to these native peoples.
These were forbidden to purchase land and were required to take an oath of submission they could not take under the Test Act of 1673 and 1678.
A curious harrasment of the early law revolved around the ability of the English to 'lawfully' confiscate a horse if finding a horse in the possesssion of a catholic, the prodistant could simply declare the beast worth more than 5 pounds and hence obtain the animal which the holder was required to sell him for 5 pounds or less.
As an act of benevolance the native profession left open to them was that of Physician.
If a native was able to retain real estate and had under gavelkind distributed itequally amonst his children until it was so small as to be worethless ,the eldest son could hold the parcel together by promigeniture under which this child must take the oath as provided by the Test Act ,give up his religion and deny the leadership role of the Pope.
Ireland became a silent and lonely land under the entire reign of Queen Anne Stuart until her death on August 1 1714.
This was also the period of Johnathan Swift who was appointed Dean of St Patrick's Cathederal in Dublin.
The major people in Ulster during this period were prodistant settlers therfore the penal laws caused less disruption to the peasant household.
The English provided a tariff against Irish wool as it competed with Englands and substituted the formerly prosperous export trade with linin manufacture which did not thrive in larger Ireland.
Hence the settlers and investors established large linin weaving and bleaching establishments in the countryside and established company town to house ,and stores to serve the worker needs.
Many of these tariffs and restrictions had been passed in England before the Battle of the Boyne under the controversial book by William Molyneux called 'The Case of Ireland Being Bonded by Acts of Parliament in England'
This author being a member of the Irish parliament for University of Dublin which university held to the view of the Irish prodestant asendancy.
A contempory and friend of Molyneux ,John Locke who was going along with the same lines as his essay on the True Original Extent and End of Civil Government.
These writings stirred the English Parliament to condem them as
'a dangerous tendancy to the Crown and people of England, by denying the authority of the King and Parliament of England to bind the Kingdom and people of Ireland and the subordination and dependance that Ireland had and ought to hav upon England as being united and annexed to the Imperial Crown of England.'
This body went with this comdemnation to the King ,William urging him to discourage all things which might lessen the dependance of Ireland on England.
This aggressive attitude prevailed throughtout the 1700, 1800 up to the Rising of 1916-1921, when Parliament finally allowed Ireland a degree of Independance as a Free State under a Treaty., holding tenaciously to the main area of Ulster still under the Crown Union.
Under Anne the Sacramental Test Bill was passed excluding all prodistant and catholic and desenter from all public offices or trust who refused the Sacramental rite of the Established Church.
There was no disenting votes on the passage of this bill..
The Sacrament Act was contested by prodistants and was finally suceeded by an Act to Prevent the Further Growth of Popery which was proclaimed, ordering all priests to take the ABJUATION OATH before March 25 1710 .The punishment for noncompliance PRE MUNURE= forfieture home estate and life.
The Established Church Bishops cleared the entire corporation of Belfast and replaced these dissenting prodistant presbyterians with persons of little estate whose only qualification was to regularly attend Church (ie theEstablished Church)
The Church of England objected to the presbyterians marriage rite which they regarded as' a licence to sin' and therefore refused to recognise the children of all prodistants and non conformists as illigitimate.
Some of these parents were persecuted as well.
Stocks and arrests by the Bishops were used against any one found critizing these edicts..
England however, to assuage these non conformists and presybterians recalled the bill and the House of Lords recinded the Reghium Donem against Prodistants.
Meanwhile the declining state of trade and emmigration to the American colonys removed from Ireland the artisans and energy of the depressed economy.
boyne to union pg 2
With the assention of George I, a Hanover in 1714 Charles Spencer ,Earl of Sunderland became Lord Lieutanant of Ireland, as appointed by theRegency ,as George was not yet in England.
It was not customary for the officers to live in Ireland but to go there every 2 years when the Irish Parliament was sitting.The rule of the country was left to the Lord Justices.
The policy was to make as much profit as possible from Ireland which created a peculiar government rule.
Seats in the Irish Parliament were bought and sold among the anglo gentry.The chief occupation of these Lords Justices were to
contain any tendancy to independance;
to prevent interference in English trade;
discourage the growth of Popery.
In 1724 the country was more or less ruled to these ends by Bishop Hugh Boulter of Bristol who was 13 times appointed a Lord Justice.
Inlistement in foreign service was forbidden and procecuted under George I.
Recruting agents were hung.
Much of the going population however had been driven to enlist by extreme povery and distress within the population.
The right to immigrate and serve in foreign service had been granted in theTreaty of Limerick obtained by Saresfield in 1691 under the terms of Surrender.
In 1723 copper coin was limited to 400,000 pounds.
Much of it was debased and counterfit. There was no small change in the country. Trade was hampered Thereby the weavers--prodistant mostly- were paid in cloth as no coin available to give them. This cloth was exchange for 1/2 its value.
Loose coin such as passed for a half-penny ,a 'rap' ,worth nothing.
Every application to England to suppy change was denied.
William Wood was thereupon charged to produce some Irish change.
This was met with objection and both Houses accused the patent of fraud.
Swift in the fever pitch over this base weightless half-penny coin wriote his Drapiers Letters.
Sir Isaac Newtown than master of the Mint surveyed the pieces and declared them to be in accordance with the patent.
The Privy Counceil refused to recind the half-penny patent.
The debased money was refused by all and hysteria prevailed.
Finally the English government withdrew the patent and compensated Wood.
A cataract of Immigration drove the Puritans out of Ireland bound for New England, Western Virgina, Pennsylvania and North Carolina.
Swift raged against the landlords and their rent rolls. Tenants made no improvements and lived in destitution and beggary.
The Scot settlers abode became as dirty and miserable as the Wild Irish.
On June 11 1727 George I died in his coach, of apoplexy.
boyne to union pag 3
In 1740 a severe frost in November distroyed th entire potato crop the basic staple of the peasantry.
At that time time was customary to leave the crop underground till Christmas.
400,000 died of starvation.
Contention and violent attacks continued against the Papists with murder in their thoughts.
The Scotish rebellion for Boney Prince Charlie Edward Stuart was crushed at Cullendon on 16 April 1746.
Ireland remained peaceful.
In 1756 the 7 Years War broke out between France and England in the American Canadas. The French won under General Wolfe in 1759 establishing the future on that continent.
Thurot of the French fleet attacked Carrickfergus Castle to provision his ships and to recover French prisoners held by the English there. He suceeded in these missions but was met in the Irish
Sea by 3 English ships where an attempt to board the Aeolus commanded by Captain Elliott was tharted when Thurot was shot in the heart.
His ship was shattered and 300 of his men and crew killed.
This captain Thurot was an Irishman named Farrell.
On 25 October the year 1760 George II suddenly died at Kensington and was succeded by his grandson George III.
In Ireland secret societys arose against government indifference to their plight.These groups where the White Boys in the south and the Weavers and small farmers in the north formed sinister organizations.There was no money available, no credit, excessive rents and heavy taxes.
Bread was high priced. Famine a step away.
Hearts of Steel Boys and Oak Boys ,excusively prodistant organizations ,arose over fines for lease renewals leveled by landlords. If the tenant could not pay the fines the family was evicted.
These organized resistance groups resisted payment of tithes and were semi republican in thought.
An act was passed for the summary execution of these prodistant insurectionist. Many escaped to America. Many who were charged were released by jurys unwilling to find them guilty.
Then came the Revolution of 1775 in the Americas.
Irish linin was completely closed by an embargo. Wool ,black cattle and land fell in value. Rents could not be collected.
It was made unlawful to export cloths, accountremonts for the Irish regiment abroad. A 5 shilling bounty placed on flax seed imported from America.
American fisheries were cut off and Newfoundland encouraged by the English Parliament.
England by 1779 was at war with America, France and Spain and threatened Ireland with invasion.
No funds were available to pay malitia to defend Ireland for the Crown.
A volunteer movement originating in Belfast spread throughtout the country.
Both the classes and the masses joined this volunteer movement.
Drilling because a usual Irish occupation.
The English government gave them arms but were unable to bring the volunteers under control or curtail them.
By 1780 the Volunters were 40,000 strong and well disaplined. After being accepted by the English government as a valid force they extended their interests beyond defence to the political questions of the day and became a creed.
boyne to union pg 4
By October 12 1779 when an address was carried of the meeting Irish Parliamnt the Dublin Streets were lined with Volunteers under the comand of the Duke of Leinster.They had than a lawers corps. Lord Norht alarmed at the conduct proposed a relief Irish Commerce to allow Ireland to export her wool and manufactures;
free trade with British plantations ;
and glass manufacture exports.
The Volunteers however having obtained free trade wanted Constitutional rights and a free Parliament in Ireland.
The armed associations communicated regularly to keep informed of actions and openly demanded the independence of Ireland.
Their opinions and decisions were printed in the newspapers ,as they are still ,declaring Ireland independant subject only to the King and Irish Parliament, the only body qualified to make Irish law.
In 1781 reviews of the Volunteers were held in all parts of Ireland.
Mr John O Neill proposed a Resolution thanking the Volunteers.This Resolution was opposed by Fitzgibbon [Lord Clare].
However the motion was carried and considered a triumph for Ulster.
Lord Caulfield, Earl of Charlemont Commander of 1st Ulster Regiment met at Armagh on 28 Dec 1781 to consult.
From this came an invitation of all Volunteers Associations in the provence to send delegates to a convention at Dungannon on 15 February 1782.
These citizen soldiers were usually steady, peaceable and self reliant.
143 Volunteer Crops responded ,the government powerless to prevent the gathering.
21 Resolutions were adopted by this force of mostly landed propriotors.
Resolved that the taking up of arms did not diminsh civil rights;
that Ireland held the power to create her own laws and any other were uunconstitutional;
that the powers of the King's counsel were unconstitutional;
that Irish ports belonged to Ireland and open to all foreign countiries not at war with the King;
that a mutiny bill wss unconstitutional;
that judges wer and should be independant;
that private judgement was theirs in matters of religion;
that the penal laws should be relaxed against the roman catholics.
The entire Volunteer force in Ireland adopted these Resolutions.
When in 1782 on February 22 Henry Grattan motioned in the Irish Parliament to petitioned the King of the address of the Volunteers to support constitutional rights for Ireland the motion failed.
However Lord Norths admininstration fell.
Carlile relieved the Duke of Portland and became Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
The King asked for an agreement on Irish demands. and the repeal of George I c5 asserting dependancy of Ireland and any appellate jurisdiction by Irish Lords shoud be restored, unconstitutional powers of the Privy Counsil abolished and the mutiny Bill repealed.
These embodying the Dungannon Resolutions were unanimously adopted.
These measures passed both Lords and Commons in the Eglish Parliament.
These concessions were announced by Lord Portland.
A great bloodless victory for the Volunteers.
boyne to union pg 5
Two parties subsequenty formed in Dublin between Grattan and Flood in 1782 when the governement of both countries again changed.
Flood held that a Declaration of Parliament repeal was not sufficent.
Grattan contened that Ireland had gone to England with a Charter and had requested England cancel any objection to it.
Flood demaned a Bill of Rights in addition to the obtained Declaration of Rights.
Parliament adopted Grattans side, the Volunteers Flood 's side with the Lawyers Corps.
4000 armed Volunteers appeared at Belfast to be reviewed by Charlemont.
An address was madeexpressing disatisfaction with the setlement.
Major Dobbs made a clause in the address in satisfaction with the concessions of Great Britain.
The Volunters continued their politcal campaign towards Parliament reform.
A convevention was again held at Dungannon where it was resolved on 8 September 1783 to hold a
Grand National Convention at Dublin on November 10, 1783..this convention took place on November 3.
Flood recomended the disbandment of the Volunteers.
lthoughthe volunteers were linked to the English not the Irish Celts by social, literary and religious ties they were in the first stages of Irish nationalism by the unwise policy of England.
A Parliament debate was engaged in which Floods motion was regected.
Since the Volunteers had demanded this the die was cast for violence between the Irish Parliament and the Volunteers. However Lord Charlemont on Dec 2 1783 ajourned the Convention sealing the fate of the Volunteers. Now their influence adn prestige was gone forever.
The Volunteers their power broken, protested and paraded but gradually disolved and became a democratic association and the society of United Irishmen.
Training all classes and sects in the use of arms.
The government in Dublin raised a staunch army of 15,000 men creating a malitia, fed and clothed and funded with 20,000 pounds.
The Volunteers however would not cooperate with civil authoritys and violence arose between the Patriotic Party and the government of Ireland forces.
Wolfe Tone being one of the leaders declared them to be of republican persuasion.
Meanwhile the King George III became insane in 1788.
This spured on the dissenters in Ireland.
They wanted a percentage tax against absenteee landlords;
comutation of tithes;
restoration of sail cloth manufacture;
protection duties;
reform of the pension lists ;
Disturbances arose between the Peep O Day prodistants and the Irish native Defenders.
This led to the formation of the society of the Orangemen after the battle of theDiamond at Armagh which was lost by the Irish Defenders.
The Orangemen followed the Diamond victory by persecuting the local catholics putting notes on their cabins saying,
"To Hell or Cannacht"
and physically removing the family if they did not go on their own, distroying the family goods and burning the house.
7000 were thus driven out of Armagh County by the Orange Society.
The King ,at this time had recovered his bout with insanity and the catholics natives petitioned for relief of their disabiliiteis.
Wolfe Tone a barrister and a prodistant, was selected to present their petition.
He was in Belfast at the invatation of the Volunteer Club composed of men such as Sam Neilson with North Star newpaper, Robert Simms and Tom Russell.
Outrages continued in Ireland until 1793.This provided Pitt ,the MP, to convene a secret committee to find out the cause of the disturbances.
As a remedy to the unrest the English governement passed the gunpowder Act in 1793.
'An Act to Prevent the Importation of Arms and Gunpowder and Ammunition into the Kindom and Removing and Keeping Gunpowder and Ammunition without Licence'.
A new Convention bill was considered necessary as the United Irishmen were training the peasants secretly to support the French Revolutionary principles, and in corresponding with Societys of like mind in France.
Lord Edward Fitzgerald a friend of Tom Paine renounced his title in Paris
In 1793 Napper Tandy fled to America after being charged of distributing seditious publications at Louth and holding communications with Defenders.
In May 1794 the British government suspended Habeus Corpus Act and passed an Act against seditious Assemblies.
In 1796 the InsurectionA ct was passed making taking of an oath like that of the United Irishmen punishable by death.
These acts were passed by Pitt in England not by the Dublin Parliament.
In 1797 General Lake placed Ulster under martial law ordering the surrender of all arms.
The lord Lieutenant took credit for this claiming he had ordered Lake to suspend civil liberties due to Ulster being in a state of disturbance.
Grattan claimed this was attaintment of an entire province of high treason.
He asked the Irish parliament to recind this Proclimation but was defeated 127-16.
boyne to union pg 6
In Armagh the United Irishman were reported to have 3000 guns, 1200 bayonettes, 300 pistols, 250 swords, 3500 pikes, 20,000 cartriges, 50,000 cannon balls, 900 lbs of powder, 8 cannons and 1 mortar.
General Lake increased military rigor. Houses were plundered by the soldiers and demolished on suspicion of United Irish connections.
TheMorning Star newspaper was seized.The printers arrested and sent to New Gate Prison.The paper was told to print a paragraph reflecting the loyalty of Belfast's people. When the paper editor refused the paper officers where physically attacked and the printing press distroyed.
The Ancient Britons Regiment under Sir Watkins Willams Wynne when they were wrongly informed about arms being in a Newry house than burned the house in frustration when no arms were found.The local peasants tried to extingush the fire and were killed,
30 of them with a woman and 2 children.
A 70 year old fleeing from the scene was overtaken and while on his knees pleading for mercy his head was struck off by one sword sweep of a calvary mans sabre.
William Orr of Antrim was charged with admininsteing the UI oath.The court kept this jury in session till it produced a guilty verdict.They had been plied with drink.
Justice Chambelain refused to allow this testimony.
When the victim was again brought before Lord Justice Yelverton he was pronounced a sentance of death.
The witness against Orr also contermanded his convicting testimony as false.
Resort was made to the Lord Lieuteant asking for a reprive were returned unheard
Much effort by family and friends all to no avail.
Lord Camden the LL refused to interfere and Orr was executed on October 14, 1795 protesting his innocence.The judicial murder compleated.
In 1798 the Rebellion Erupted in retaliation of tyrany torture and cohersion applied by General Lakes rampant troops converting the peaceful countryside into a hell.
Homesteads were on fire, provisions distroyed, families ruined. Rape and death appeared by strangulation or a bullet or floggings flaying the skin and muscle.
All trials were by martial law.
Many of the officers on the court were under age or Orangemen who had swore eternal hatred of the people they judged.
Flogging, Picketting and death were the usual punishment, or bannashment to the fleet. Many were sold to the Prussians.
Many of the troops drank all the time raped the wives and daughters of peaceful families returning from Mass.
In the union, ie the United Irishmen some wanted action others not. Dissention arose among them between catholics and dissenters, separating them.
On March 30 1797 all Ireland was under martial law.From battle of Boyne to the Union
boyne to union
pg 7
The English were claiming a treasonous conspiracy.
Henry Joy McCraken was appointed leader of the rebellion in Down and Antrim along with James Hope.
A letter was sent from Henry Joy to Colonel Dixon by John Hughes who was the communicant between Down and Antrim as to the May 21 signal for the rising. This was not materialised.
On June 7 1798 a Battle fought at Antrim town by McCraken with men from Kerry ,Dublin ,Armagh ,Tipperary and Monahan. During this fight Lord O Neill was attacked and shot his attacker whereby he was attached by rebel pikemen and out of his wounds died three days later.DR McCArtney his companion was not able to assist him.
McCartney joined Staples ,a member for Antrim County ,and they made their way across Loch Neagh by boat to Dungannon where they informed General Knox of the rising in Antrim.
More rebels arrived.Troops under Colonel Durham arrived for the government.The rebels broke and fled under cannon fire. 200 of them killed.
At the end of July Joy McCraken was arrested by the royalists, tried and executed at Belfast on July 17 1798.
Henry Monro a Scot linin trader continued the fight in Down sending Townsend to Ballinahinch.
Royalist troops under Nugent and Barber marched against Monro.This army took Creevy Rock and than got drunk but Monroe refused to attack them in this condition.
These troops the following day mowed down the rebels with artillery fire. A bugle sounding ,lead the rebels to believe reinforcements of royalists troops were coming , broke and fled.
Monroe was defeated at Ednavady. They surrendered with 150 men left in all. these marched out to surrender . Monro fled to the mountains but was betrayed, taken , tried and court martialed, condemed and hung at Lisburn by his own door.
His head was hung on the market house.
Meanwhile the south was desolate but fought on.
Wolfe Tone was in Paris to ellicit the help of the French Directorate.
General Humbert was appointed Commander of an expeditionary force of 1,000 men assembled at Rochelle.
3000 more under General Hardi
9000 under Kilmaine.
On August 22 1798 Humbert came to Kilala Bay with a squadron of 3 frigates and one small vessels.
Sailing under an English flag.
He managed to last until 8 September when he surrendered to General Lake in county Longford.
Where Hardi heard of Humberts surender he set sail for Norway on 20 September 1798.
Wolfe Tone with him on the Hocke on October 11.The Hoche was attacked by Admiral Warren of English Fleet.
The Hoche was bombarded and distroyed. When the crew was captured Wolfe was not recognised among the French prisoners but was finally found out at a French table by a fellow schoolmate ,George Hill from Trinity College Days. He ,Tone was sent in irons to Dublin to be tried by court martial ,condemed to be hung on November 12. However he cut his throat in prison cheating the hangman.
Pitt than proceeded to promote Union and annialate the Irish legislature. The Union was proposed on 22 January 1799.
The Irish bar regected this proposal 166- 32.
One side said Ireland was not safe but under the protection of England.
The other side that Parliament was incompetent and could not enact that issue.This regection positions was uphled in Irish Parliamnent by Saurin, Plunkett, Ball.Fitzgerald, Moore, Parnell, Bushe,. Oriel, Grattan , Curran, Ponsonby and Burrows.
The viceroy, Lord Cornwallis ,of American fame toured the south to poll it.
Daniel O Connell appeared opposing the Union on 15 Jan 1800 at the Irish Parliament opening.
Henry Grattan appeared in his Voluner Uniform with his pistols.The members rose.
He made his speach against the Union at 10 AM.The debate closed 138 votes for Union 96 against.
The citizens met to protest the Union. Guilds of Merchants met to protest.
The Orange, Catholics and Yoemen were called to resist the union on February 5, 1800.
Lord Castlereagh outlined the advantages of union.
Petitions for the counties and companies came against the measure.
On 26 May Grattan opposed the Union bill declaring:
'I do not give up my country, I see her in a swoon ,
but she is not dead;
though in her tomb she lies helpless and motionless ,
still, there is on her lips a spirit of life, and on her cheeks a glow of Beauty'.
Lord Casstlreigh [Stewart} contested this to be treason and reblellion
.Lord Curry of Tyrone made the final address against the Union.
7 June the bill read and passed in Commons.
Curran outside asked the UNITED IRISHMEN.
"Where are your 30,000 men now?'
1 August 1800 the Royal assent of King George IV eldest son of George III was given to the Act of Union.
The aniversary of the acccession of the house of Brunswick..
On January 1 1801 Ireland ceased to be.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Monday, July 30, 2007
Irish History Synopsis: Restoration Charles II- James II
the Restoration of Charles II page 1
With the restoration of Charles II in 1661 and the coming thereafter
of the Act of Uniformity in `1662 establishing only one church, that
of theAnglican [Episcopalian] in all the English holdings.
this Act forbad all unlawful assembly of Presbyterian or Roman
Catholic worshipers and directed the sherrif to disperse them from
this worship.
The Episcopalian bishops under the leadership of Jeremy Taylor,
Bishop of Down closed down most of their churches. This lead to
Presbyterian League for redress called the Covanters.
However, Parliament passed an order condeming the Solomn League and
Covanant as treasonable, ordered it burned in the public market and
any upholding it be deemed an enemy to His Sacred Majesty, of the
Church and His Kingdom
The Bishops were able to get a second Act of Uniformity forbiding the
Presbyterians to be clergymen and to declare the oath that the Solomn
Covenant was illegal and impious.
Of the 70 Presbyterian ministers in Ulster 8 conformed. the rest
were deprived of their churches and imprisoned.
Most of the Cromwellian soldier settlers were non-conformists and
were discontent. Many of them sold their holdings and left the
country commensing the exodus of Prodestants from Ireland to New
England.
Many of the remaining Prespyterians, such as Blood and Leacky
attempted rebellion but were caught.
At the same time flax became a major production in Ulster helping to
relieve her stress and poverty from the preceeding wars.
During this period Charles managed to engage England in wars with
Holland, Denmark, France and the rest of the European provinces.
Several Lord Lieutenatnts were appointed as designated rulers in
Ireland.Such as Lord John Berkely of Stratton,Sir Arthur Forbes,The
Earl of Essex, and finally in 1677 James Butler, Duke of Ormond was
reapointed by the King.
A period of peace and general order prevailed in Ireland until
suddenly, on the 6th of Febuary 1685 at Noon Charles 2 died.
His brother James 2 succeeded him.
Ormond was recalled post haste turning in the Sword of State to the
Lord Justice, the Primate Michael Boyle and Sir Authur Forbes Earl of
Granard.
Colonel Richard Talbot was the militray leader at that time. He was
descended of an old Norman family of Leinster. He was nick-
named 'Lying Dick' and had served in the Low Countries. He was vain
and ambitious and had served Charles 2 as a secret advisor on Irish
affairs, and alligned himself with the most violent of the old line
party. In October 1685 he was appointed Lieuteant Governor of the
Irish Army and the Earl of Tyreconnell. His brother in law Henry
Hyde was appointed Lord Lieutenat in December 1685.
the restoration of charles 2 page 2
As Richard Talbot began a program to appoint his fellow Catholics to
positions of authority in the military, he began a process of
drilling the whole native population of the country. A sort of
universal military training. These he armed. Catholic judges
replaced Prodistant ones. Some Irish were admitted to the Privy
Council.
More Prodistant's sold and left for New England and Scotland.
By 1686 Tyreconnell had complete control of the Army of Ireland and
had replaced prodistant officers with catholics. Catholic natives
were also appointed as sherrifs and justice of the peace.
Most of the civil service was passed to the hands of native catholics.
Tyreconnell attemted to convinece the King to repeal the Cromwellian
Acts of Settlement. This he was not successful at. He did, however,
secure the appointement of Lord Deputy to which he seized the city
charters and boroughs. Some of these refused to submit to
Tyreconnell's intent and began to raize citizen malitias. One of
these towns being Londonderry.
In this instance 13 of the young men apprentise boys closed the gates
of the town on December 7, 1689,on the call of the AldermenTomkins
and Preacher Gordon.
Ezekill Hopkins, Bishop of Derry, opposed this and urged his
followers ]
The Inniskillen population than appointed Gustavus Hamilton as their
Governor.These turned all the country houses around Loch Erne into
garrisoned forts.
As Tyreconnell ,angered at this resistance, prepared to advance
against these rebel prodistants news reached him that William of
Orange had arrived unapposed in London, all England declaring for him
against King James 2.
Realising the folly of creating fresh enemies in Ireland, Tyreconnell
sent the master of ordinance Colonel William Stewart, Lord Mount joy
who had formerly commanded the Derry garrison.
Mountjoy set out at once with a regiment of Episcopalian English
with a smattering of Catholic troops.
He reached Armagh with these and his Lieuteant Robert Lundy where he
sent a message to the beleigered city of Derry requesting a meeting
ar Raphoe.
The city complied to the request welcoming the former commander
Stewart, but refused to admit any catholic troops in his regiment.
This could not be complied with and hence the seige continued.
Terms were agreed to whereby 2 companies composed exclusively of
prodistants would be admitted to the city . On this agreement
Phillips resigned the governorship in favor of Mountjoy who enterd
the city as their leader.
Tyreconnell, chief of Colonel Stewart, recalled him to Dublin where
he went and was sent with Lord Chief Baron Rice to Paris France where
Mountjoy was arrested and placed in the Bastille being a prodistant.
Rice a roman catholic remained free.
the restoration page 3
The Prince of Orange had reached Westminster. James had fled and
William of Orange admininstered the country of England.
Robert Lundy remained at Londonderry as Commander assuming the title
of Governor. He brought with him the 4 companies under his command;
purged of RC's and commanded byofficers whose commissions had be
revoked by Tyreconnell in favor of catholic natives.
Associations of Defence were formed in the Prodistant communities all
over the north and throughout Ireland.
These were formed in defence of the percieved threat to the
Prodistant religion,Their lives, liberties and property by popish
people and counsellors.
These local associates thought of themselves as purely defensive in
their areas not wanting to agress against the papist but to offer him
their protection as well as long as the popish people remained
peaceable and quiet amongst them.
They elected Hugh Earl of Mt Alexander, Clotworth Skeffington Esquire
as the commander of all forces in Antrim.
The Prodistant Defence Asssocation made there spread to other parts
of Ireland, laying in the seeds for the recent
'Troubles' and private defence associations still found in Ulster
today.
Tyreconnell continued his catholic call to universal arming which was
readily responded to.The regiments expanding to some 48.
Richard Hamilton was raised to General against the prodistant rebels.
The Jacobite Army advanced to Newry which Sir Arthur Rawdon had to
abandon. The prodistant field could not hold Hillsborough.
The Jacobite Army consiting of much rabble and untrained men gave
themselves up to collecting booty. This gave Rawdon 's 4,000 troops
time to rally and fortify the t own.They held.
Blaney was unable to hold Monahan and Armagh in the Jacobite advance
of 15 March 1689 and made his way to Coleraine and Derry.
On the 12th of March James 2 landed at Kinsale from the Court of
Louis XIV who had given him refuge.
He than marched to Dublin than on to Derry which he had been advised
and himself felt ,would surrender to him as the rightful King.
He had as his commander Cout Rosen and Maumont his Lieutenatnt
General both provided by Loius XIV along with 500 captains,
lieutenants, cadets and gunners along with arms for 10,000 men and
500,000 crowns in gold.
As James proceeded north from Dublin to Charlemont the country was
found desolate. No humans nor animals to bee seen along the roads.
Dwellings and houses were unoccupied with roofs gone and windowless.
No food could be procured, nor hay for the horses.
the French were unaccustomed to this harshness of travel.
Omagh was in ruin,the willful distruction of the inhabitants.
The weather was windy and rainy.
King William, in the meantime sent to Loch Foyle 2 regimentsw by ship
under the command of Colonels Cunningham and Richards.
These however, were not landed the Counsils found the city so deviod
of provisions and the place untennable.
Lundy.the governor, therupon sent a messsgte to James II suggesting
the ciy would surrender peacebily.
Many of the city officers were sneaking off to the waiting ships. The
citizens on discovering this and to prevent there desertion killed
them.
On April 18 the transports departed for England being unwilling to
accept tenure in the failing defence works.
The Irish Army now surrounded Derry completely with its regiments,
many from the southern provinces, including some McCarthy Clan and
Fitzgeralds.
Lundy meanwhile continued to his attempts to negociate a peace and
surrender.
This was thwarted by indignant citizens who attempted to kill the
peace envoy and deposed Lundy
restoration page 4
A counsil of war was held in the city and mayor Sir Henry Baker was
elected th new governor who requested a colleague to help him. The
counsil than appointed Reverend George Walker of Donaghmore parish.
These two prevented a second convention to be sent to James' camp for
a peace at any price conference.
They were refused permission to leave and violenetly driven back by a
mob.
Lundy fearing for his life stole off.
The Jacobite army remained unaware of these changes with the beseiged
detached their men along the Bogside and a windmill nearby.
This was seenas a threat and the city requsted the Irish troops be
withdrawn. Rosen did not respond and killed the messsenger.
As James approached the south gate with the advancing troop the cry
of "NO Surrender" was heard while fire was shot upon the Irish.
Several fell. Captain Troy being by His Majestys side dropped dead.
James hastened to get out of the reach of the cannon fire.
The army was thrown into confusion.
The weather was rainy.
On the 20 of April the Battle of Pennyburn Mill was fought the
Londonderry ulstermen sallying forth against the Irish troop under
Captain Murry, Saunderson, Thomas and Blair.
The Jacobite horse persuing the retreating sally of Pennyburn Mill
were most killed by prodistant infantry arrising from ditches inthe
Bogside.The Irish lost some 200 men and officers.
In the frey Murry escaped and was resqued by The Reverend Walker.
The battle of Windmill hill was fought May 5 and 6 1689.
The Ulstermen attacked from the city under Reverend Walker and were
able to capture the windmill battery from the Irish dragoons under
Ramsey who was killed.
Enniskillen under Col Lloyd were able to attack the Irish forces at
Belleek on May 7 1689 where they were defeated, fleeing to Sligo.
Colonel Lloyd toward the end of May flushed with his rout at Belleek
sent his forces to county Cavan to attack the garrison at Red Hills.
The holders there fled at his coming.
Lloyd proceding to Castle Bally na Carrig one of the strongest
castles in Ulster which surrendered to him. The Lloyd soldiers looted
the deserted castle than fired it leaving a pile of ashes.
In June many Irish horses had been put to graze near Omagh. Governor
Gustavus Hamilton of Enniskillen displaced two dragoon troop under
Captains Francis Gore and Arnold Crosby to garrison at Tillesk.
Within two days the captains returned to Innishkillen with 80 horses
and 300 cattle which they had captured on an overnight prey.
This dismounted 3 troop of the Irish.
The seige continued through June with skirmishes and battles.
The garrison of Derry by July 2, 1689 had been reduced from 7500
effective men to 5700 skeletons.
End of Volume3 History of Ulster by Ramseey Colles 1919 published by
Gresham Publishing Coy Ltd.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright Aug 1 2007
Sat Jul 7, 2007 4:36 pm
With the restoration of Charles II in 1661 and the coming thereafter
of the Act of Uniformity in `1662 establishing only one church, that
of theAnglican [Episcopalian] in all the English holdings.
this Act forbad all unlawful assembly of Presbyterian or Roman
Catholic worshipers and directed the sherrif to disperse them from
this worship.
The Episcopalian bishops under the leadership of Jeremy Taylor,
Bishop of Down closed down most of their churches. This lead to
Presbyterian League for redress called the Covanters.
However, Parliament passed an order condeming the Solomn League and
Covanant as treasonable, ordered it burned in the public market and
any upholding it be deemed an enemy to His Sacred Majesty, of the
Church and His Kingdom
The Bishops were able to get a second Act of Uniformity forbiding the
Presbyterians to be clergymen and to declare the oath that the Solomn
Covenant was illegal and impious.
Of the 70 Presbyterian ministers in Ulster 8 conformed. the rest
were deprived of their churches and imprisoned.
Most of the Cromwellian soldier settlers were non-conformists and
were discontent. Many of them sold their holdings and left the
country commensing the exodus of Prodestants from Ireland to New
England.
Many of the remaining Prespyterians, such as Blood and Leacky
attempted rebellion but were caught.
At the same time flax became a major production in Ulster helping to
relieve her stress and poverty from the preceeding wars.
During this period Charles managed to engage England in wars with
Holland, Denmark, France and the rest of the European provinces.
Several Lord Lieutenatnts were appointed as designated rulers in
Ireland.Such as Lord John Berkely of Stratton,Sir Arthur Forbes,The
Earl of Essex, and finally in 1677 James Butler, Duke of Ormond was
reapointed by the King.
A period of peace and general order prevailed in Ireland until
suddenly, on the 6th of Febuary 1685 at Noon Charles 2 died.
His brother James 2 succeeded him.
Ormond was recalled post haste turning in the Sword of State to the
Lord Justice, the Primate Michael Boyle and Sir Authur Forbes Earl of
Granard.
Colonel Richard Talbot was the militray leader at that time. He was
descended of an old Norman family of Leinster. He was nick-
named 'Lying Dick' and had served in the Low Countries. He was vain
and ambitious and had served Charles 2 as a secret advisor on Irish
affairs, and alligned himself with the most violent of the old line
party. In October 1685 he was appointed Lieuteant Governor of the
Irish Army and the Earl of Tyreconnell. His brother in law Henry
Hyde was appointed Lord Lieutenat in December 1685.
the restoration of charles 2 page 2
As Richard Talbot began a program to appoint his fellow Catholics to
positions of authority in the military, he began a process of
drilling the whole native population of the country. A sort of
universal military training. These he armed. Catholic judges
replaced Prodistant ones. Some Irish were admitted to the Privy
Council.
More Prodistant's sold and left for New England and Scotland.
By 1686 Tyreconnell had complete control of the Army of Ireland and
had replaced prodistant officers with catholics. Catholic natives
were also appointed as sherrifs and justice of the peace.
Most of the civil service was passed to the hands of native catholics.
Tyreconnell attemted to convinece the King to repeal the Cromwellian
Acts of Settlement. This he was not successful at. He did, however,
secure the appointement of Lord Deputy to which he seized the city
charters and boroughs. Some of these refused to submit to
Tyreconnell's intent and began to raize citizen malitias. One of
these towns being Londonderry.
In this instance 13 of the young men apprentise boys closed the gates
of the town on December 7, 1689,on the call of the AldermenTomkins
and Preacher Gordon.
Ezekill Hopkins, Bishop of Derry, opposed this and urged his
followers ]
The Inniskillen population than appointed Gustavus Hamilton as their
Governor.These turned all the country houses around Loch Erne into
garrisoned forts.
As Tyreconnell ,angered at this resistance, prepared to advance
against these rebel prodistants news reached him that William of
Orange had arrived unapposed in London, all England declaring for him
against King James 2.
Realising the folly of creating fresh enemies in Ireland, Tyreconnell
sent the master of ordinance Colonel William Stewart, Lord Mount joy
who had formerly commanded the Derry garrison.
Mountjoy set out at once with a regiment of Episcopalian English
with a smattering of Catholic troops.
He reached Armagh with these and his Lieuteant Robert Lundy where he
sent a message to the beleigered city of Derry requesting a meeting
ar Raphoe.
The city complied to the request welcoming the former commander
Stewart, but refused to admit any catholic troops in his regiment.
This could not be complied with and hence the seige continued.
Terms were agreed to whereby 2 companies composed exclusively of
prodistants would be admitted to the city . On this agreement
Phillips resigned the governorship in favor of Mountjoy who enterd
the city as their leader.
Tyreconnell, chief of Colonel Stewart, recalled him to Dublin where
he went and was sent with Lord Chief Baron Rice to Paris France where
Mountjoy was arrested and placed in the Bastille being a prodistant.
Rice a roman catholic remained free.
the restoration page 3
The Prince of Orange had reached Westminster. James had fled and
William of Orange admininstered the country of England.
Robert Lundy remained at Londonderry as Commander assuming the title
of Governor. He brought with him the 4 companies under his command;
purged of RC's and commanded byofficers whose commissions had be
revoked by Tyreconnell in favor of catholic natives.
Associations of Defence were formed in the Prodistant communities all
over the north and throughout Ireland.
These were formed in defence of the percieved threat to the
Prodistant religion,Their lives, liberties and property by popish
people and counsellors.
These local associates thought of themselves as purely defensive in
their areas not wanting to agress against the papist but to offer him
their protection as well as long as the popish people remained
peaceable and quiet amongst them.
They elected Hugh Earl of Mt Alexander, Clotworth Skeffington Esquire
as the commander of all forces in Antrim.
The Prodistant Defence Asssocation made there spread to other parts
of Ireland, laying in the seeds for the recent
'Troubles' and private defence associations still found in Ulster
today.
Tyreconnell continued his catholic call to universal arming which was
readily responded to.The regiments expanding to some 48.
Richard Hamilton was raised to General against the prodistant rebels.
The Jacobite Army advanced to Newry which Sir Arthur Rawdon had to
abandon. The prodistant field could not hold Hillsborough.
The Jacobite Army consiting of much rabble and untrained men gave
themselves up to collecting booty. This gave Rawdon 's 4,000 troops
time to rally and fortify the t own.They held.
Blaney was unable to hold Monahan and Armagh in the Jacobite advance
of 15 March 1689 and made his way to Coleraine and Derry.
On the 12th of March James 2 landed at Kinsale from the Court of
Louis XIV who had given him refuge.
He than marched to Dublin than on to Derry which he had been advised
and himself felt ,would surrender to him as the rightful King.
He had as his commander Cout Rosen and Maumont his Lieutenatnt
General both provided by Loius XIV along with 500 captains,
lieutenants, cadets and gunners along with arms for 10,000 men and
500,000 crowns in gold.
As James proceeded north from Dublin to Charlemont the country was
found desolate. No humans nor animals to bee seen along the roads.
Dwellings and houses were unoccupied with roofs gone and windowless.
No food could be procured, nor hay for the horses.
the French were unaccustomed to this harshness of travel.
Omagh was in ruin,the willful distruction of the inhabitants.
The weather was windy and rainy.
King William, in the meantime sent to Loch Foyle 2 regimentsw by ship
under the command of Colonels Cunningham and Richards.
These however, were not landed the Counsils found the city so deviod
of provisions and the place untennable.
Lundy.the governor, therupon sent a messsgte to James II suggesting
the ciy would surrender peacebily.
Many of the city officers were sneaking off to the waiting ships. The
citizens on discovering this and to prevent there desertion killed
them.
On April 18 the transports departed for England being unwilling to
accept tenure in the failing defence works.
The Irish Army now surrounded Derry completely with its regiments,
many from the southern provinces, including some McCarthy Clan and
Fitzgeralds.
Lundy meanwhile continued to his attempts to negociate a peace and
surrender.
This was thwarted by indignant citizens who attempted to kill the
peace envoy and deposed Lundy
restoration page 4
A counsil of war was held in the city and mayor Sir Henry Baker was
elected th new governor who requested a colleague to help him. The
counsil than appointed Reverend George Walker of Donaghmore parish.
These two prevented a second convention to be sent to James' camp for
a peace at any price conference.
They were refused permission to leave and violenetly driven back by a
mob.
Lundy fearing for his life stole off.
The Jacobite army remained unaware of these changes with the beseiged
detached their men along the Bogside and a windmill nearby.
This was seenas a threat and the city requsted the Irish troops be
withdrawn. Rosen did not respond and killed the messsenger.
As James approached the south gate with the advancing troop the cry
of "NO Surrender" was heard while fire was shot upon the Irish.
Several fell. Captain Troy being by His Majestys side dropped dead.
James hastened to get out of the reach of the cannon fire.
The army was thrown into confusion.
The weather was rainy.
On the 20 of April the Battle of Pennyburn Mill was fought the
Londonderry ulstermen sallying forth against the Irish troop under
Captain Murry, Saunderson, Thomas and Blair.
The Jacobite horse persuing the retreating sally of Pennyburn Mill
were most killed by prodistant infantry arrising from ditches inthe
Bogside.The Irish lost some 200 men and officers.
In the frey Murry escaped and was resqued by The Reverend Walker.
The battle of Windmill hill was fought May 5 and 6 1689.
The Ulstermen attacked from the city under Reverend Walker and were
able to capture the windmill battery from the Irish dragoons under
Ramsey who was killed.
Enniskillen under Col Lloyd were able to attack the Irish forces at
Belleek on May 7 1689 where they were defeated, fleeing to Sligo.
Colonel Lloyd toward the end of May flushed with his rout at Belleek
sent his forces to county Cavan to attack the garrison at Red Hills.
The holders there fled at his coming.
Lloyd proceding to Castle Bally na Carrig one of the strongest
castles in Ulster which surrendered to him. The Lloyd soldiers looted
the deserted castle than fired it leaving a pile of ashes.
In June many Irish horses had been put to graze near Omagh. Governor
Gustavus Hamilton of Enniskillen displaced two dragoon troop under
Captains Francis Gore and Arnold Crosby to garrison at Tillesk.
Within two days the captains returned to Innishkillen with 80 horses
and 300 cattle which they had captured on an overnight prey.
This dismounted 3 troop of the Irish.
The seige continued through June with skirmishes and battles.
The garrison of Derry by July 2, 1689 had been reduced from 7500
effective men to 5700 skeletons.
End of Volume3 History of Ulster by Ramseey Colles 1919 published by
Gresham Publishing Coy Ltd.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright Aug 1 2007
Sat Jul 7, 2007 4:36 pm
Friday, July 20, 2007
Irish History Synopsis:the Cromwell era 1649-1658
The Cromwell era 1649-1658 pg 1
When Oliver Cromwell had been made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by unanimous vote of theEnglish Puritan Parliament on March 28, 1649 and Commander in Chief of English forces he proceeded to Bristol to gather his forces and finaly departed from Penbroke Wales on July 10, 1649 with 12,000 Levellers.
After a 2 day journey with sea sickness he arrived in Dublin with 35 ships followed by his son in law Ireton with 77 ships making a totla of 112 English ships on Dublin Quay.
After making a Proclimation against swearing and drunkeness and another forbidding his soldiers to 'abuse, rob and pillage or execute cruelity apon the country people' he departed for the field with an army of 10,000 picked men leaving the city in the control of Theo Jones.
Arriving at Drogheda the English cannon opened fire on September 9,1649. When the fort commander Ashton refused submission Cromwell bombarded the town and steeple of St Marys church
When a break was made by Cromwell he ordered his men to put to the sword the defenders killing 2,000 men. One hundred men took refuge in the steeple of St Peters church refusing to surrender.Cromwell set the tower afire and smothered them.
Those left surrendered most half starved.These were killed, solders and officers on the grounds they had fired 'fatal' shots'.Those left were shipped to Barbados in theWest Indies.
Cromwell than proceeded to scourge the entire population of Drogheda some 3000 with women and children on 11tha nd 12th of September.
These soldiers under Cromwell had entered his service with understanding that their wages would be paid with Irish lands taking the place of native proprietors. This gave them incentive to annialate the descendants and heirs of the rebel royalists who might have a claim on the lands they were forcebly confiscating.
Cromwell than proceeded to scourge all Ireland. Wexford, New Ross,Carrick on Suir, Kilkenny. Cork, Kinsale and Yougal declared for the Parliament and were spared. Limerick and Connact were conquered by Coote in 1651. Galway surrendered to Coote in May 1652.
One by one the southern chiefs surrendered.the last defiance by Castle Cloughoughter in Derry where Owen Roe O Neill had died on 6 November 1649..
As the Parliamentary Commissioners began theri reign they elected a High Court of Justice to try those who had taken part in the prodistant massacares of 1641. Only about 200 were found and tried most having died in the war or left Ireland.
Sir Phelim who had not left Ireland as were his terms but had hidden in Tyrone was captured at Coal Island.
He was taken and tried in Dublin for high treason and murder. He was condemned to death and was hung drawn and quartered. One Quarter hung at Lisburn; one quarter hung at Dundalk; one quarter at Drogheda; the forth quarter with the head at Dublin.
His companion and secretary Turlogh Groome O Quinn was later hung his head hung on the west gate of Carrickfurgus Castle.
The war was declared officially over by Commissioner Fleetwood on 26 September 1653.
Cromwell 1649-1658 pg 2
The country of Ireland was wasted. Desease and plague reigned .Famine was constant.
Whole counties lay waste and deserted with neither man nor beast nor bird. Mountjoys methods of distroying all the crops to subdue the Irish.
The Commissioners and Colonel Jones advised that no peace could last without removing priests, sept heads and men with arms out of the land. Many starved along the roads or were killed by wolves.
TheBlack Plague raged killing as many.
Wolves increased to such an extent that a bounty was laid on them, 5 lbs for a dog and 10 lbs for a bitch. Irish wolf hounds were not allowed to be taken out of the country. Tide waiters stood at the ports to seize any hounds for the public huntsmen.
The Puritans additionally wanted to eliminate Priests. A Price on their heads as well as for Fryers Monks and Nuns. Harboring a priest or religious required forfiet of any lands and life. Some were able to escape to Spain with retiring soldiers.They needed passports to leave.They were all officiallly declared , without trial, guilty of High treason and those who helped them were felons.
Any pretext to clear the country of its natives was seized;
Descendants of rebels and
those with no visible means of support were transported.
Bands of outlaws roamed the bogs and dence forests as Tories.
Thousands of priests, captured children and young girls wer sold to slavery for Jamica and Barbados, known than as the tobacco islands. These were sold to the planters for a number of years [indentured]
The outlaws were identified and prices set on ther heads 40 s for a common one, 5 lbs for a lord.
3/4ths of the pre war cattle stock had been wiped out.Cattle had to be imported from Wales for breeeding stock.
4//5 of the land lay waste.
Waste land was let to officers for 5 years for a reasonable rent provided they till sow and manue the land.
Ireland was now a 'blank sheet of paper on which the English Commonwealth might write the characters they pleased' [Froude]
The debt of the war being enourmous was paid by lands grants known as the Cromwellian Settlement the Act of Settlement having been passed by the Parliament on 12 August 1652.
When in 1641 the Act for the Speedy and Effecive Reducing of the Rebels in His Majestys Kingdom of Ireland had been made Debit bonds were issued pledging the land in payment.
600 acres for 200 lbs for Ulster land
1000 acres for 300 lbs for Connact lands
1000 acres for 400 lbs for Munster lands
1000 acres for 600 lbs for Leinster lands.
Bonds for 10,000,000 were issued direcly to the serving soldiers in lieu of their pay.
A survey of Ireland was established under Sir William Petty.
A Court of Claims was established to distribute the shares.
The Parliament confiscated 5 million acres including church lands {RC], native lands owned by them before the rebellion and college lands.
This confiscation was distributed among the Cromwellian soldiers and Adventurers who had bought some of the debit bonds.
700,000 acres of the 2/3ds of Ireland confication in Clare and Connact for 1,200,000 innocnent papists.
the acts allowed all royalists and religious no pardon in life or estate
all royalist officers were banished and forfieted of 2/3 of property, 1/3 returned for the care of their wife and children.
those not in arms but sympathizers lost 1/3 of land and recieved 2/3 west of the Shannon
Inferior sort not possessed of land over 10 lbs husbandmen and laborors were issued a pardon but transported west of the Shannon.
1 million acres were assigned to the Adventurers some counties were taken for the assignments however the Adventures did not like the deal cut for them and objected receiving finally, 10 counties and by dividing lots in those counties their portion of the land These counties were boroughed
The Adventures also won an entitlement to lands next the Cromwellian soldiers holdings feeling they needed protection.
5 counties of Connact were reserved for the 'home of the Irish race' and Prodistants in those couties were granted lands east of the Shannon. The 'mere irish' were born and were not allowed to settle witin ten miles of the Shannon river on its west shore.
The Cromwell soldiers lands were given them by authority not their own chosing.
Regiments were kept together settled regiment by regiment, troop by troop ,company by company in the lands they had conquered.
Ireland was the capital that paid all the debts.
Attainted relations of the rebles being a threat to redeem the land were transported to the American Colonies.
Cromwells son Henry became Lord Protector in 1654.
On Setember 3 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard was proclamed the new Protector of Ireland.
On May 8, 1660 Charles 2 was proclaimed king of England at Westminster at the age of 30. He had been in exile since age 21.
This ended the control of the puritan Parlimant however the king upheld the actsof the Cromwellian era.
In 1662 Charles ratified the Act of Uniformity making all subject to one religion that of the king declaring all other worship unlawful.
James Butler, Duke of Ormond was reinstated as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
An act of the Irish Parliament delcared in April that all confiscations were held ligitimate growing out of the insurection, exluding forever, without trial 3000 old proprietors.
sourse:The History of Ulster, Ramsey Colles Gresham Publishing Coy 1919
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
The prodistants held 4/5 of Ireland.
When Oliver Cromwell had been made Lord Lieutenant of Ireland by unanimous vote of theEnglish Puritan Parliament on March 28, 1649 and Commander in Chief of English forces he proceeded to Bristol to gather his forces and finaly departed from Penbroke Wales on July 10, 1649 with 12,000 Levellers.
After a 2 day journey with sea sickness he arrived in Dublin with 35 ships followed by his son in law Ireton with 77 ships making a totla of 112 English ships on Dublin Quay.
After making a Proclimation against swearing and drunkeness and another forbidding his soldiers to 'abuse, rob and pillage or execute cruelity apon the country people' he departed for the field with an army of 10,000 picked men leaving the city in the control of Theo Jones.
Arriving at Drogheda the English cannon opened fire on September 9,1649. When the fort commander Ashton refused submission Cromwell bombarded the town and steeple of St Marys church
When a break was made by Cromwell he ordered his men to put to the sword the defenders killing 2,000 men. One hundred men took refuge in the steeple of St Peters church refusing to surrender.Cromwell set the tower afire and smothered them.
Those left surrendered most half starved.These were killed, solders and officers on the grounds they had fired 'fatal' shots'.Those left were shipped to Barbados in theWest Indies.
Cromwell than proceeded to scourge the entire population of Drogheda some 3000 with women and children on 11tha nd 12th of September.
These soldiers under Cromwell had entered his service with understanding that their wages would be paid with Irish lands taking the place of native proprietors. This gave them incentive to annialate the descendants and heirs of the rebel royalists who might have a claim on the lands they were forcebly confiscating.
Cromwell than proceeded to scourge all Ireland. Wexford, New Ross,Carrick on Suir, Kilkenny. Cork, Kinsale and Yougal declared for the Parliament and were spared. Limerick and Connact were conquered by Coote in 1651. Galway surrendered to Coote in May 1652.
One by one the southern chiefs surrendered.the last defiance by Castle Cloughoughter in Derry where Owen Roe O Neill had died on 6 November 1649..
As the Parliamentary Commissioners began theri reign they elected a High Court of Justice to try those who had taken part in the prodistant massacares of 1641. Only about 200 were found and tried most having died in the war or left Ireland.
Sir Phelim who had not left Ireland as were his terms but had hidden in Tyrone was captured at Coal Island.
He was taken and tried in Dublin for high treason and murder. He was condemned to death and was hung drawn and quartered. One Quarter hung at Lisburn; one quarter hung at Dundalk; one quarter at Drogheda; the forth quarter with the head at Dublin.
His companion and secretary Turlogh Groome O Quinn was later hung his head hung on the west gate of Carrickfurgus Castle.
The war was declared officially over by Commissioner Fleetwood on 26 September 1653.
Cromwell 1649-1658 pg 2
The country of Ireland was wasted. Desease and plague reigned .Famine was constant.
Whole counties lay waste and deserted with neither man nor beast nor bird. Mountjoys methods of distroying all the crops to subdue the Irish.
The Commissioners and Colonel Jones advised that no peace could last without removing priests, sept heads and men with arms out of the land. Many starved along the roads or were killed by wolves.
TheBlack Plague raged killing as many.
Wolves increased to such an extent that a bounty was laid on them, 5 lbs for a dog and 10 lbs for a bitch. Irish wolf hounds were not allowed to be taken out of the country. Tide waiters stood at the ports to seize any hounds for the public huntsmen.
The Puritans additionally wanted to eliminate Priests. A Price on their heads as well as for Fryers Monks and Nuns. Harboring a priest or religious required forfiet of any lands and life. Some were able to escape to Spain with retiring soldiers.They needed passports to leave.They were all officiallly declared , without trial, guilty of High treason and those who helped them were felons.
Any pretext to clear the country of its natives was seized;
Descendants of rebels and
those with no visible means of support were transported.
Bands of outlaws roamed the bogs and dence forests as Tories.
Thousands of priests, captured children and young girls wer sold to slavery for Jamica and Barbados, known than as the tobacco islands. These were sold to the planters for a number of years [indentured]
The outlaws were identified and prices set on ther heads 40 s for a common one, 5 lbs for a lord.
3/4ths of the pre war cattle stock had been wiped out.Cattle had to be imported from Wales for breeeding stock.
4//5 of the land lay waste.
Waste land was let to officers for 5 years for a reasonable rent provided they till sow and manue the land.
Ireland was now a 'blank sheet of paper on which the English Commonwealth might write the characters they pleased' [Froude]
The debt of the war being enourmous was paid by lands grants known as the Cromwellian Settlement the Act of Settlement having been passed by the Parliament on 12 August 1652.
When in 1641 the Act for the Speedy and Effecive Reducing of the Rebels in His Majestys Kingdom of Ireland had been made Debit bonds were issued pledging the land in payment.
600 acres for 200 lbs for Ulster land
1000 acres for 300 lbs for Connact lands
1000 acres for 400 lbs for Munster lands
1000 acres for 600 lbs for Leinster lands.
Bonds for 10,000,000 were issued direcly to the serving soldiers in lieu of their pay.
A survey of Ireland was established under Sir William Petty.
A Court of Claims was established to distribute the shares.
The Parliament confiscated 5 million acres including church lands {RC], native lands owned by them before the rebellion and college lands.
This confiscation was distributed among the Cromwellian soldiers and Adventurers who had bought some of the debit bonds.
700,000 acres of the 2/3ds of Ireland confication in Clare and Connact for 1,200,000 innocnent papists.
the acts allowed all royalists and religious no pardon in life or estate
all royalist officers were banished and forfieted of 2/3 of property, 1/3 returned for the care of their wife and children.
those not in arms but sympathizers lost 1/3 of land and recieved 2/3 west of the Shannon
Inferior sort not possessed of land over 10 lbs husbandmen and laborors were issued a pardon but transported west of the Shannon.
1 million acres were assigned to the Adventurers some counties were taken for the assignments however the Adventures did not like the deal cut for them and objected receiving finally, 10 counties and by dividing lots in those counties their portion of the land These counties were boroughed
The Adventures also won an entitlement to lands next the Cromwellian soldiers holdings feeling they needed protection.
5 counties of Connact were reserved for the 'home of the Irish race' and Prodistants in those couties were granted lands east of the Shannon. The 'mere irish' were born and were not allowed to settle witin ten miles of the Shannon river on its west shore.
The Cromwell soldiers lands were given them by authority not their own chosing.
Regiments were kept together settled regiment by regiment, troop by troop ,company by company in the lands they had conquered.
Ireland was the capital that paid all the debts.
Attainted relations of the rebles being a threat to redeem the land were transported to the American Colonies.
Cromwells son Henry became Lord Protector in 1654.
On Setember 3 1658 Oliver Cromwell died and his son Richard was proclamed the new Protector of Ireland.
On May 8, 1660 Charles 2 was proclaimed king of England at Westminster at the age of 30. He had been in exile since age 21.
This ended the control of the puritan Parlimant however the king upheld the actsof the Cromwellian era.
In 1662 Charles ratified the Act of Uniformity making all subject to one religion that of the king declaring all other worship unlawful.
James Butler, Duke of Ormond was reinstated as Lord Lieutenant of Ireland.
An act of the Irish Parliament delcared in April that all confiscations were held ligitimate growing out of the insurection, exluding forever, without trial 3000 old proprietors.
sourse:The History of Ulster, Ramsey Colles Gresham Publishing Coy 1919
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
The prodistants held 4/5 of Ireland.
Wednesday, July 18, 2007
Irish History Synopsis: Rebellion of 1641
Irish History Synopsis--The Rebellion of 1641 page 1
In 1641 the Irish formed a Catholic Confederation to address the grevances against the newly emposed plantation system of James I to his son the than king Charles I, which had been festering since 1607 at the Flight of the Earls leaving Ulster entirely confiscated to the King.
Lord Castlehaven, an English Catholic Royalist expressed in favor of the Irish grevances which inbibed their restiveness:
That they were looked upon as a conquered nation and not treated like free born subjects;
the confiscation of the entire 6 counties of Ulster with no land restored to the original holder natives, but given over by James to his Scot countrymen;
that the Crown also laid claim to much of west Ireland and some of South Ireland counties;
severity againt roman catholics both in England and in Ireland;
that the Scot by force of arms were able to extract favored treatment and privileges as well as money.
These Confederates getting no satisfaction from the Crown finally rebelled under the leadership of Phelim O Neill of Kinard[Caledon], child of John, the younger brother of Con Bacach O Neill, first Earl of Tyrone.
Phelim at this time was permitted to own 23,000 acres in the barony of Dungannon.
During this time the descendants of Hugh O Neill the Great Earl in Spain, John being one of them, elicited a promise of arms and amunition and money from Cardinal Richelieu of France.
A message was sent by John O Neill to Phelim via his son Nial in May 1641.
John was shortly thereafter killed in Catalonia making Owen Roe O Neill son of Art M Baron ONeill and a nefew of Hugh the Great , Earl of Tyrone.
In October 1641 the Confederates struck capturing the forts at Charlemont,and Mountjoy, seizing Dungannon, Carrick Macross,Castle Blaney and Tangargee.
Phillip M Hugh O Reilly overran Cavan and Fermanagh with the Maguires. Newry was seized by Conor Maginnis.
In the south however, the Confedeerates were found out by a confession to the authorities of one Owen O Connelly, a prodistant servant of the puritan John Clotsworth. O Connelly was a distant relation of Hugh Og Mc Mahon the grandson of the Great Earl.
This person having been taken into the confidences of the Confederates went immediately under drink to Lord Justice Parsons who alerted Borlase who summoned the Privy Counsil at Chichester House on Collage Green.
history synopsis rebellion 1641 page 2
Eight Privy counsilors aided by Sir Francis Willowby of Galway, sat all night at the Castle.
A Proclaimation was issued for the arrest of the named perpetrators, Hugh Og m Mahon, Lord Maguire, Fox, Plunkett, O Byrne and Moore. thereby foiling the plot to capture the Castle and all its stores.
Some of the plotters got wind of the pending arrests and were able to flee but Maguire and macMahon were arrested sent to London and hung at Tyburn.
The Irish were able to hold their gains in Ulster.
In October of 1642 the Catholic Confederacy formed a Supreme Counsil at a general assemby at Kilkenny. Here they gave Owen roe Oneill recently arrived in Ireland at Donegal command of the Ulster forces.
Barry was given command of Munster and John Burke of Clanricard a lieutenant general ,commander of all forces.
Cardnal Richlieu discharged the Irish Brigade in France so that they might fight in Ireland, a body of 1500 men.
Sir Phelim O Neill had 30,000 men but undisaplined.The rebellions spread from Ulster to Connact, Munster and Leinster.
By than Lord Talbot a major player in giving power to the catholic natives of Ireland,
had been recalled as Lord Lieutenant and Robert Sydney,Earl of Leichester appointed.
This LL never went to Ireland but the Puritans of the Pale sent him a full report of the rebellion by Owen O Connelly who was given 500 pounds and a pension of 200 pounds pending an estate.
Charles turned over the management of the supression of the rebellion to his Parliament who borrowed money from the city of London to finance a force of 6000 foot and 2000 horse to be sent to Ireland with arms and ammunition.
The rebels meanwhile captured Dundalk and threatened Drogheda.
Sir Charles Coote a man known for sadistic cruelity was commissioned by the English Parliament against the insurgents after an English commander named Roper had been defeated by the rebles at Julianston Bridge where he lost 500 men to the forces of Hugh O Bryne, Rory O Moore and Phillip m Hugh O Reily. who had used the deep fog to attack these troops and annilate them not loosing a man on the Irish side.
Charles Coote was a cruel commander and enjoyed murder killing many men women and children who were innocent in Wicklow where his men killed to their hearts content impalling babies on their pikes
.Coote admitted he enjoyed watching these 'frolics'
Priests were shot on site.Coote for his attrocities was appointed govornor of Dublin.
The Lord Justices of Dublin sent out parties to kill and distroy the rebels but once these parties were in the countryside they killed indiscriminatly country people, men women and children as they found them in their clochans.
The rebels in turn did the same to the English settlers.
irish history synopsis rebellion of `1641 page 3
General Monro arrived in Ireland bringing 2,500 Scot troops sweeping all before him, landing at CarrickFergus Castle on 15 April 1642.
On April 28 Monro marched south to Newry joining with forces of Lord Conway and Sir James Turner making a command of 4,000 men.
By the end of April there were 19,000 recruits and volunteers in Ulster.
In July of 1642 Owen Roe O Neill son of Art m Baron and nefew of Hugh the Great of Kinsale fame ,landed in Donnegal. He had been a colonel in Huge's son Henry's French brigade at Douai .
Before the end of 1642 the rebellion under Phelim, who was not trained in the profession of arms was almost defeated most of his disorganized bands seeking refuge in the woods.
Sir Phelim met Owen Roe with 1500 men and they preceeded via Ballyshannon to Charlemont Fort still held by the Irish.
Sir Phelim resigned the command at Clones and Owen Roe was elected general in chief of the Catholic forces.
Being a disaplined soldier he set about organizing an army of the Catholic rabble.
The dublin
English forces were given scythes ,reaping hooks and whetstones along with Bibles so they might cut the peasants crops to starve the propriotors into submission or force them to flee the country. The Bibles that they might study the sin and danger of sparing idolitors.
By August 1642 th combined Scot /English army in Ulster was 20,000 foot and 1000 horse, a force with which ONeill could not hope to contend.
In May 1643 Monro attacked O Neill near Charlemont.The fort held.
Charles meanwhile confiscated to the Crown 2 1/2 million acres in 1642 establishing a Royal Commission.
A truce was agreed to for a year and a day by Ormond [Butler] on behalf of Charles.
The signers for the confederation were Muskerry, Dillon, Plunkett,Talbot,Barnwell,Turlough O Neill, G Brown, Maginnes and Walsh.
The king was to recieve 3,000 pounds from the confederacy.
Charles had been financing the war by borrowing money from the London Companies giving as security the Irish lands to be conquered.
This borrowing on a promise of payment with land confiscations was continued through the Covanters Cromwellian Parliament when over 2/3's of Ireland were confiscated consisting of 100,000,000 Irish acres.
1641 page 4
By 1644 The Confederate forces in Ulster combined between O Neill and Castlehaven, who was an English catholic sympathetic to the cause of the Irish, were some 6,000 foot and 1000 horse with dragoons and creights who were nomadic Irish cattle herders.These were all gathered in the province of Ulster.
This army met the army of Monro at Benburb in Tyrone, the former home of Shane ONeill m Conn Bachach.
In this battle the confederates were financed by Cardinlal Rinuccini ,envoy of the Pope ,who had arrived in Ireland a year before with money and armaments supplied by the Holy See.
The battle was fought on 4 June 1646 in the evening. The Monro army advancing from the east and the setting sun was now in their eyesas well as dust stirring west wind.
O Neill having taken up his position west of the Albain Mor[blackwater river] with the river to his right, a bog to his left, a wood to his rear and a field of brush before him, decisively charged the Scots, broke their ranks and routed the army. Not persuing this victory in the style of the Irish he was subsequently ordered by the Confederate Counsil under Cardinal Rinuccini to return to the south where he was sent to Leinster.
This sparring and battle continued all over Ireland between the forces of England and their Parliament and the Irish Confederate forces.
Owen Roe developed a knee infection and could not walk. He was at Derry on August 9 and by November 6 1649 he died of this mysterious ailement. It was said that he was poisoned from his boots by Coote.
The Confederacy was disolved. Rinuccini ordered to leave the country by the Irish.The Articles of Peace had been ratified on 17 January 1649 before the beheading of Charles on January 30, 1649 by order of his Parliament.
The provisional government vested in laymen called the Commisssioners of Trust.
Chalemont remained as it had from the beginning of October 1641 in the hands of of Phelim O Neill and the Irish.
Venables and Coote attached this fort in July 1650 where even the women defended their fort by dumping red hot ash and boiling water on the besiegers.
When only 30 men were left O Neill approached the waiting Coote for terms. Terms were offered where the defenders were allowed to march out with their arms and baggage. Sir Philim himself to leave Ireland.
Thus on August 14 ,1650 Ulster and all Ireland passsed completely into the Hands of Parliament.
Charles , the king having ben beheaded on January 30, 1649 leaving England in the hands of Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan Covanters.
The 8 years of war in Ireland were over to be followed the the invasion of Cromwell. and his Parliament.
The History of Ulster, Volume III, Ramsey Colles, 1919
Published Gresham Publishing Coy. LTD
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
In 1641 the Irish formed a Catholic Confederation to address the grevances against the newly emposed plantation system of James I to his son the than king Charles I, which had been festering since 1607 at the Flight of the Earls leaving Ulster entirely confiscated to the King.
Lord Castlehaven, an English Catholic Royalist expressed in favor of the Irish grevances which inbibed their restiveness:
That they were looked upon as a conquered nation and not treated like free born subjects;
the confiscation of the entire 6 counties of Ulster with no land restored to the original holder natives, but given over by James to his Scot countrymen;
that the Crown also laid claim to much of west Ireland and some of South Ireland counties;
severity againt roman catholics both in England and in Ireland;
that the Scot by force of arms were able to extract favored treatment and privileges as well as money.
These Confederates getting no satisfaction from the Crown finally rebelled under the leadership of Phelim O Neill of Kinard[Caledon], child of John, the younger brother of Con Bacach O Neill, first Earl of Tyrone.
Phelim at this time was permitted to own 23,000 acres in the barony of Dungannon.
During this time the descendants of Hugh O Neill the Great Earl in Spain, John being one of them, elicited a promise of arms and amunition and money from Cardinal Richelieu of France.
A message was sent by John O Neill to Phelim via his son Nial in May 1641.
John was shortly thereafter killed in Catalonia making Owen Roe O Neill son of Art M Baron ONeill and a nefew of Hugh the Great , Earl of Tyrone.
In October 1641 the Confederates struck capturing the forts at Charlemont,and Mountjoy, seizing Dungannon, Carrick Macross,Castle Blaney and Tangargee.
Phillip M Hugh O Reilly overran Cavan and Fermanagh with the Maguires. Newry was seized by Conor Maginnis.
In the south however, the Confedeerates were found out by a confession to the authorities of one Owen O Connelly, a prodistant servant of the puritan John Clotsworth. O Connelly was a distant relation of Hugh Og Mc Mahon the grandson of the Great Earl.
This person having been taken into the confidences of the Confederates went immediately under drink to Lord Justice Parsons who alerted Borlase who summoned the Privy Counsil at Chichester House on Collage Green.
history synopsis rebellion 1641 page 2
Eight Privy counsilors aided by Sir Francis Willowby of Galway, sat all night at the Castle.
A Proclaimation was issued for the arrest of the named perpetrators, Hugh Og m Mahon, Lord Maguire, Fox, Plunkett, O Byrne and Moore. thereby foiling the plot to capture the Castle and all its stores.
Some of the plotters got wind of the pending arrests and were able to flee but Maguire and macMahon were arrested sent to London and hung at Tyburn.
The Irish were able to hold their gains in Ulster.
In October of 1642 the Catholic Confederacy formed a Supreme Counsil at a general assemby at Kilkenny. Here they gave Owen roe Oneill recently arrived in Ireland at Donegal command of the Ulster forces.
Barry was given command of Munster and John Burke of Clanricard a lieutenant general ,commander of all forces.
Cardnal Richlieu discharged the Irish Brigade in France so that they might fight in Ireland, a body of 1500 men.
Sir Phelim O Neill had 30,000 men but undisaplined.The rebellions spread from Ulster to Connact, Munster and Leinster.
By than Lord Talbot a major player in giving power to the catholic natives of Ireland,
had been recalled as Lord Lieutenant and Robert Sydney,Earl of Leichester appointed.
This LL never went to Ireland but the Puritans of the Pale sent him a full report of the rebellion by Owen O Connelly who was given 500 pounds and a pension of 200 pounds pending an estate.
Charles turned over the management of the supression of the rebellion to his Parliament who borrowed money from the city of London to finance a force of 6000 foot and 2000 horse to be sent to Ireland with arms and ammunition.
The rebels meanwhile captured Dundalk and threatened Drogheda.
Sir Charles Coote a man known for sadistic cruelity was commissioned by the English Parliament against the insurgents after an English commander named Roper had been defeated by the rebles at Julianston Bridge where he lost 500 men to the forces of Hugh O Bryne, Rory O Moore and Phillip m Hugh O Reily. who had used the deep fog to attack these troops and annilate them not loosing a man on the Irish side.
Charles Coote was a cruel commander and enjoyed murder killing many men women and children who were innocent in Wicklow where his men killed to their hearts content impalling babies on their pikes
.Coote admitted he enjoyed watching these 'frolics'
Priests were shot on site.Coote for his attrocities was appointed govornor of Dublin.
The Lord Justices of Dublin sent out parties to kill and distroy the rebels but once these parties were in the countryside they killed indiscriminatly country people, men women and children as they found them in their clochans.
The rebels in turn did the same to the English settlers.
irish history synopsis rebellion of `1641 page 3
General Monro arrived in Ireland bringing 2,500 Scot troops sweeping all before him, landing at CarrickFergus Castle on 15 April 1642.
On April 28 Monro marched south to Newry joining with forces of Lord Conway and Sir James Turner making a command of 4,000 men.
By the end of April there were 19,000 recruits and volunteers in Ulster.
In July of 1642 Owen Roe O Neill son of Art m Baron and nefew of Hugh the Great of Kinsale fame ,landed in Donnegal. He had been a colonel in Huge's son Henry's French brigade at Douai .
Before the end of 1642 the rebellion under Phelim, who was not trained in the profession of arms was almost defeated most of his disorganized bands seeking refuge in the woods.
Sir Phelim met Owen Roe with 1500 men and they preceeded via Ballyshannon to Charlemont Fort still held by the Irish.
Sir Phelim resigned the command at Clones and Owen Roe was elected general in chief of the Catholic forces.
Being a disaplined soldier he set about organizing an army of the Catholic rabble.
The dublin
English forces were given scythes ,reaping hooks and whetstones along with Bibles so they might cut the peasants crops to starve the propriotors into submission or force them to flee the country. The Bibles that they might study the sin and danger of sparing idolitors.
By August 1642 th combined Scot /English army in Ulster was 20,000 foot and 1000 horse, a force with which ONeill could not hope to contend.
In May 1643 Monro attacked O Neill near Charlemont.The fort held.
Charles meanwhile confiscated to the Crown 2 1/2 million acres in 1642 establishing a Royal Commission.
A truce was agreed to for a year and a day by Ormond [Butler] on behalf of Charles.
The signers for the confederation were Muskerry, Dillon, Plunkett,Talbot,Barnwell,Turlough O Neill, G Brown, Maginnes and Walsh.
The king was to recieve 3,000 pounds from the confederacy.
Charles had been financing the war by borrowing money from the London Companies giving as security the Irish lands to be conquered.
This borrowing on a promise of payment with land confiscations was continued through the Covanters Cromwellian Parliament when over 2/3's of Ireland were confiscated consisting of 100,000,000 Irish acres.
1641 page 4
By 1644 The Confederate forces in Ulster combined between O Neill and Castlehaven, who was an English catholic sympathetic to the cause of the Irish, were some 6,000 foot and 1000 horse with dragoons and creights who were nomadic Irish cattle herders.These were all gathered in the province of Ulster.
This army met the army of Monro at Benburb in Tyrone, the former home of Shane ONeill m Conn Bachach.
In this battle the confederates were financed by Cardinlal Rinuccini ,envoy of the Pope ,who had arrived in Ireland a year before with money and armaments supplied by the Holy See.
The battle was fought on 4 June 1646 in the evening. The Monro army advancing from the east and the setting sun was now in their eyesas well as dust stirring west wind.
O Neill having taken up his position west of the Albain Mor[blackwater river] with the river to his right, a bog to his left, a wood to his rear and a field of brush before him, decisively charged the Scots, broke their ranks and routed the army. Not persuing this victory in the style of the Irish he was subsequently ordered by the Confederate Counsil under Cardinal Rinuccini to return to the south where he was sent to Leinster.
This sparring and battle continued all over Ireland between the forces of England and their Parliament and the Irish Confederate forces.
Owen Roe developed a knee infection and could not walk. He was at Derry on August 9 and by November 6 1649 he died of this mysterious ailement. It was said that he was poisoned from his boots by Coote.
The Confederacy was disolved. Rinuccini ordered to leave the country by the Irish.The Articles of Peace had been ratified on 17 January 1649 before the beheading of Charles on January 30, 1649 by order of his Parliament.
The provisional government vested in laymen called the Commisssioners of Trust.
Chalemont remained as it had from the beginning of October 1641 in the hands of of Phelim O Neill and the Irish.
Venables and Coote attached this fort in July 1650 where even the women defended their fort by dumping red hot ash and boiling water on the besiegers.
When only 30 men were left O Neill approached the waiting Coote for terms. Terms were offered where the defenders were allowed to march out with their arms and baggage. Sir Philim himself to leave Ireland.
Thus on August 14 ,1650 Ulster and all Ireland passsed completely into the Hands of Parliament.
Charles , the king having ben beheaded on January 30, 1649 leaving England in the hands of Oliver Cromwell and his Puritan Covanters.
The 8 years of war in Ireland were over to be followed the the invasion of Cromwell. and his Parliament.
The History of Ulster, Volume III, Ramsey Colles, 1919
Published Gresham Publishing Coy. LTD
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Sunday, July 15, 2007
Irish History Synopsis; Flight of the Earls
When the Great ONeill left Ireland on a ship out of Lock Swilly at Rath Mullen bound for France which had been obtained for him by Cuconnaught O Donnell, he left behind his bodyguard of 600 soldiers which Elizabeth allowed him to keep.These men were without land or substance and had not been paid O Neill haveing the prudence to take with him his collected rents. These guard had nothing but their swords and their cloaks. They were distainful of work as beneith their dignity. There only occupation had been by training as swordsmen. Hence the Rapparee was born meaning a menace. The woods of Lissford were full of kerns. Consequently they preyed the neighborhood for food and shelter for a period of time and were considered a bunch of pests by the incoming land grabbers of the confiscated lands..
James 2 magnanimously sent over three ships to load them onboard by impressment and sent them all to the Swedish wars. Hugh Boy ONeill escaped to Flanders Others made their way from there to Tyrone who was still in Brussels.
During this transition period the Irish generally were deprived of a means of living, land and dignity not being treated with any respect by the incomming undertakers and the Kings Army present.
Henry Dowcra was appointed Commander of these forces in Ireland at Lock Foyle with 4000 foot and 2000 horse at his disposal to control the Irish.
The lands confiscated were all of Tyrone, Derry. Donegal, Fernmanagh,Armagh,Cavan and Inishowen peninsela.These were placed under th Commisioner John Davies with a Committee composed of Sir James Ley, Dowcra, Anthony St Leger,James Fullerton, Sir Oliver St John.These commissioners were to hold juries to determine which pieces of land should go to which undertakers generally.
At that time under old Irish law lands were held by the septs of the fine with lands designated for the use of the Lord such as ONeill during their lifetime.The lord when declared chief did not own the land in the sence of English private property. Ownership with rights of inheritance. Nor did the comman Irish Peasant own any land but was allowed to graze his cattle on the sept lands or the lords lands for a rental fee.these fees in cattle were determined by the number of cattle these creights grazed on the common lands. These Betags usually lived in temporary mud huts or sheds till the wondering cattle ate thegrass at hand and than they moved on in nomatic existance. Just as the landless and nowadays cattleless Travelers do this day.Now known as Tinkers for their earning their keep formerly by making tin pots or shapening local knives and such.
They
were pressured by the new English coming in to settle and become tenant farmers sowing wheat and oats and building houses.This even the chiefs objected to saying it would ruin the race.
Ireland did not deal in coins or money but in cattle, oats ,butter, meal, hogs ,mutton and other stuff. No Money was needed in the society.
The land was divided into tracts called Ballybetagh of 1000 acres [irish acres]
or ballyboes of 60-120 acres.the rest of the land including bogs lakes rivers and such were held in common for the use of all.
With the new plantation System devised by the Court the land confiscated would be divided by the Commission
to Servitors- for governement service with the civil or military.These were not to employ the Irish and the must be Prodistant and most were Puritans. Menial Irish occupations were permited..
The Undertakers were given by grant without pay 2000 Acres and were required to build a Castle.
A knight was given by grant 1500 acres and must build of stone or brick
Land in Socage[ which cannot find in english dictonary of today] was 1000 acres which must have a habitation built of wood
The undertaker was to plant 48 men in 3 years who had been born in England or Scotish lowlands and establish 20 families with a demesne of 600 acres
and must place 4 fee farmers on 120 acres, create 6 leseholders on 100 acres ,and have 8 families of artificers husbandmen and cottagers.
Some grants were made to the native irish if they could establish their loyalty to the Crown but these grants were to be only on the plain where they could be kept under observation.There holdings were to be 10 acres under a lease.
The peasant Irish were near starvation at this point.Chiefs and Lords were displaced by these Undertakers. They were not needed as slaves or tenants at will.who were allowed to stay at the pleasure of the Undertakers with no gurantee that they would not be evicted next day or in the middle of the night.All these grants were made by king James in fee simple to the holders and their heirs.
There were 104 undertakers in Ulster
56 servitors
and 286 natives all bonded with regular accountsof their activites and profits to King James.
In addition several London corporations were granted land such as the London Livery Company which acquired derry /colerane was given in grant to the city of London hence the calling of Londonderry which means oak wood of London.
Previous to this decade Sir Walter Raleigh was granted 140 million acres of wood unspoiled in Leinster on the south coat of Ireland by Elizabeth which he promply denued at great profit building the casle like structure still standing in that area. These planters completely denuded the ancient forests of Ireland leving us the bare 40 shades of green so prominent in tourist guides.
The earl himself was unable by storms under the captainship of Captain John Bath to land as planned but they made land in Noramndy. he was welcomed there but encouraged to move on which he did to Brussels later from there to Luavaine and hence to Switzerland where he crossed over into Italy avoiding French territory on his way south. He was unable to obtain any militry or other help for his land and died some years later in Rome on July 20 1616 where he is buriend on the Januculan hill next to Rory O Donnell at the church of San Pietro.
Conn Bacah ONeill was driven out in poverty from his family house at Castle Rea. He died in this state in 1620 at Hollywood and was buried at BallyMaghon church with nothing but his tomestone.This was later removed to the British museum where it remains tody. Why it is there we no not.The man was not even left his grave marker!
The famous cattle of Ireland gradually disapeared into the british belly The manor house replaced both the norman castle and the wooden houses and raths of the Chiefs for mud huts with thach roof on small tenant holdings throughout the land. The religious monastaries never recovered from their dismemberment by Henry 8.
James declared the Brehon law unlawful and it became extinct in favor of Engish courts of azzises. the country ws shired New burough were created by James 1 and seconded by the Irish parliment at Dublin as Auger,Armagh,Ballyshannon.Bangor,Belfasr[ of which sir Arthur Chischester was created Baron] Belturret,Charlemont,Clogher, Limavady, Monahan, Newry and Strabane.
The Irish lost not only their lands and livelihood ,their ancient pre cristain culture and works but their senachies and history falling into a mire of deprivation confusion and ignorance bound to subservience.
A state in which they continued through the Great Famine of 1845 which in a sence liberated them by emigration.
Today they are seeking slowly their own past in smigins as we are here now exploring and trying to recover a basic of their language which knowledge they need to understand the fragments of writing preserved in various librarys throught Europe and some in America still lost to them. Meitheam 9 07
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Copyright August 1 2007
James 2 magnanimously sent over three ships to load them onboard by impressment and sent them all to the Swedish wars. Hugh Boy ONeill escaped to Flanders Others made their way from there to Tyrone who was still in Brussels.
During this transition period the Irish generally were deprived of a means of living, land and dignity not being treated with any respect by the incomming undertakers and the Kings Army present.
Henry Dowcra was appointed Commander of these forces in Ireland at Lock Foyle with 4000 foot and 2000 horse at his disposal to control the Irish.
The lands confiscated were all of Tyrone, Derry. Donegal, Fernmanagh,Armagh,Cavan and Inishowen peninsela.These were placed under th Commisioner John Davies with a Committee composed of Sir James Ley, Dowcra, Anthony St Leger,James Fullerton, Sir Oliver St John.These commissioners were to hold juries to determine which pieces of land should go to which undertakers generally.
At that time under old Irish law lands were held by the septs of the fine with lands designated for the use of the Lord such as ONeill during their lifetime.The lord when declared chief did not own the land in the sence of English private property. Ownership with rights of inheritance. Nor did the comman Irish Peasant own any land but was allowed to graze his cattle on the sept lands or the lords lands for a rental fee.these fees in cattle were determined by the number of cattle these creights grazed on the common lands. These Betags usually lived in temporary mud huts or sheds till the wondering cattle ate thegrass at hand and than they moved on in nomatic existance. Just as the landless and nowadays cattleless Travelers do this day.Now known as Tinkers for their earning their keep formerly by making tin pots or shapening local knives and such.
They
were pressured by the new English coming in to settle and become tenant farmers sowing wheat and oats and building houses.This even the chiefs objected to saying it would ruin the race.
Ireland did not deal in coins or money but in cattle, oats ,butter, meal, hogs ,mutton and other stuff. No Money was needed in the society.
The land was divided into tracts called Ballybetagh of 1000 acres [irish acres]
or ballyboes of 60-120 acres.the rest of the land including bogs lakes rivers and such were held in common for the use of all.
With the new plantation System devised by the Court the land confiscated would be divided by the Commission
to Servitors- for governement service with the civil or military.These were not to employ the Irish and the must be Prodistant and most were Puritans. Menial Irish occupations were permited..
The Undertakers were given by grant without pay 2000 Acres and were required to build a Castle.
A knight was given by grant 1500 acres and must build of stone or brick
Land in Socage[ which cannot find in english dictonary of today] was 1000 acres which must have a habitation built of wood
The undertaker was to plant 48 men in 3 years who had been born in England or Scotish lowlands and establish 20 families with a demesne of 600 acres
and must place 4 fee farmers on 120 acres, create 6 leseholders on 100 acres ,and have 8 families of artificers husbandmen and cottagers.
Some grants were made to the native irish if they could establish their loyalty to the Crown but these grants were to be only on the plain where they could be kept under observation.There holdings were to be 10 acres under a lease.
The peasant Irish were near starvation at this point.Chiefs and Lords were displaced by these Undertakers. They were not needed as slaves or tenants at will.who were allowed to stay at the pleasure of the Undertakers with no gurantee that they would not be evicted next day or in the middle of the night.All these grants were made by king James in fee simple to the holders and their heirs.
There were 104 undertakers in Ulster
56 servitors
and 286 natives all bonded with regular accountsof their activites and profits to King James.
In addition several London corporations were granted land such as the London Livery Company which acquired derry /colerane was given in grant to the city of London hence the calling of Londonderry which means oak wood of London.
Previous to this decade Sir Walter Raleigh was granted 140 million acres of wood unspoiled in Leinster on the south coat of Ireland by Elizabeth which he promply denued at great profit building the casle like structure still standing in that area. These planters completely denuded the ancient forests of Ireland leving us the bare 40 shades of green so prominent in tourist guides.
The earl himself was unable by storms under the captainship of Captain John Bath to land as planned but they made land in Noramndy. he was welcomed there but encouraged to move on which he did to Brussels later from there to Luavaine and hence to Switzerland where he crossed over into Italy avoiding French territory on his way south. He was unable to obtain any militry or other help for his land and died some years later in Rome on July 20 1616 where he is buriend on the Januculan hill next to Rory O Donnell at the church of San Pietro.
Conn Bacah ONeill was driven out in poverty from his family house at Castle Rea. He died in this state in 1620 at Hollywood and was buried at BallyMaghon church with nothing but his tomestone.This was later removed to the British museum where it remains tody. Why it is there we no not.The man was not even left his grave marker!
The famous cattle of Ireland gradually disapeared into the british belly The manor house replaced both the norman castle and the wooden houses and raths of the Chiefs for mud huts with thach roof on small tenant holdings throughout the land. The religious monastaries never recovered from their dismemberment by Henry 8.
James declared the Brehon law unlawful and it became extinct in favor of Engish courts of azzises. the country ws shired New burough were created by James 1 and seconded by the Irish parliment at Dublin as Auger,Armagh,Ballyshannon.Bangor,Belfasr[ of which sir Arthur Chischester was created Baron] Belturret,Charlemont,Clogher, Limavady, Monahan, Newry and Strabane.
The Irish lost not only their lands and livelihood ,their ancient pre cristain culture and works but their senachies and history falling into a mire of deprivation confusion and ignorance bound to subservience.
A state in which they continued through the Great Famine of 1845 which in a sence liberated them by emigration.
Today they are seeking slowly their own past in smigins as we are here now exploring and trying to recover a basic of their language which knowledge they need to understand the fragments of writing preserved in various librarys throught Europe and some in America still lost to them. Meitheam 9 07
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Copyright August 1 2007
Saturday, July 14, 2007
Irish History Synopsis:The Line of Descent
The line of descent
Not much more in the books at hand but reading the Beata Aoda Ruaida o Domnaill
which towards the end discribing the death in Spain of this great hero of Ireland notes his descent from Lugaid son of Setna as the race of Lugaid son of Setna. This Lord had his seat at Lifford Castle in Donegal. The mountain where Donegal Castle was is called the Land of Lugaid This mountain whose name is not right here in the notes but I did write it down is the center of Donegal the tribes of the Clann Conail occupying both east and west sides of the mountain and its plain.the castle was burned by Aeda himself to keep it from being occupied by the English garison. After he died in Spain, whether of desease or by poison, and his brother Rory Rudraighe innagurated ODonnell in his stead escaped by ship in the famous Flight of the Earls the castle and its lands were given by James 1 to sir Brooks who rebuilt it. The Earls were denied landing in france and went to Spain where they were recieved but encourages to leave for Italy and Rome where most of them remained without aid until they died. A poem in this volume written called the sorrow of Erie well worth reading it is good poetry and metered believed to have been composed by mac an Baird tells of the sorrow in Ireland and of the calvanistic punishment for the sins of Erie and its Lords.
Anocht as uaigneach Erie
[Lonley is Ireland tonight}
Many marriges and alliances occured between the Oneill and the O Donnell families over the centuries they being originally cousins by their brotherly descent from Eogain and Conall both sons of Nial Niogalach
The Donnellys primarily being associate with the Oneill family and primarily with the Shane ONeill whom they fostered they bear the same coat of arms and motto as the O Neill
The Donnelly family seem to be descendant from
Bron which means a quern for mashing grain which is also spelled Broin.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Not much more in the books at hand but reading the Beata Aoda Ruaida o Domnaill
which towards the end discribing the death in Spain of this great hero of Ireland notes his descent from Lugaid son of Setna as the race of Lugaid son of Setna. This Lord had his seat at Lifford Castle in Donegal. The mountain where Donegal Castle was is called the Land of Lugaid This mountain whose name is not right here in the notes but I did write it down is the center of Donegal the tribes of the Clann Conail occupying both east and west sides of the mountain and its plain.the castle was burned by Aeda himself to keep it from being occupied by the English garison. After he died in Spain, whether of desease or by poison, and his brother Rory Rudraighe innagurated ODonnell in his stead escaped by ship in the famous Flight of the Earls the castle and its lands were given by James 1 to sir Brooks who rebuilt it. The Earls were denied landing in france and went to Spain where they were recieved but encourages to leave for Italy and Rome where most of them remained without aid until they died. A poem in this volume written called the sorrow of Erie well worth reading it is good poetry and metered believed to have been composed by mac an Baird tells of the sorrow in Ireland and of the calvanistic punishment for the sins of Erie and its Lords.
Anocht as uaigneach Erie
[Lonley is Ireland tonight}
Many marriges and alliances occured between the Oneill and the O Donnell families over the centuries they being originally cousins by their brotherly descent from Eogain and Conall both sons of Nial Niogalach
The Donnellys primarily being associate with the Oneill family and primarily with the Shane ONeill whom they fostered they bear the same coat of arms and motto as the O Neill
The Donnelly family seem to be descendant from
Bron which means a quern for mashing grain which is also spelled Broin.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Irish History Synopsis:The Great Lords of the North
I am just reading some of the Beata Aoda Ruaid published in irish
[middle] and english by the Irish Text Society.
The Great Lords of the North
When the two great lords of the north O Domnail and O Neil met with
their well ordered forces at Dun Bain in Munster of the Carberries
[Bandain i Cairpreacaib]and procceded down to Kinsale to assist the
beseiged Don Juan Aguila of Spain, they held a conference among
themselves and their chiefs as how best to proceed.
O Neil advised that an attack would not be wise because ofthe English
great strength of numbers but that they should be kept under siege,
which they already were in their fort until theyshould die of
hunger,or surrender
O Domnail oppositionally felt that the English should be attacked
forthwith as it brought shame to the Irish honor to let the Spanish
king Phillip had sent be distroyed by the English while the Irish
forces did nothing to relieve them.
This plan carried the day with the chiefs present in the two armys
and was to be implimented.
However the two lords O Neill and O Domnaill had between them a code
of chivalry that neither of them should be put before the other into
the forefront of battle.
This created a tension among the troops as well as themselves and it
was agreed that they would go shoulder to shoulder into the fight as
one rather than one army proceeding the other.
This plan was cumbersome and could not give the pathfinders and
guides a clear direction of the road they were on. Hence during their
night march intended to arrive at the English encapment in early morn
for best suprise attach was foiled the army becoming separated and
lost during the march. It was unable therefore to arrive at the
English stronghold until mid morning in broad daylight loosings its
cover.
The ONeill flank found itself face to face with well oiled shot and
was turned into the ODonnell army next it with the English horse in
quick pursuit. This creatd a melee and a rout of the Irish army into
a retreat.
It is said also that the lord Deputy[mountjoy] has intelligence of
the move to attack from Irish persons in the Irish camp .
This history transcibed from older MS by OCleary of the Fransiscan
monastary and ollam to the cenel conail includes a fine peice of
writing in year ten 1601 which i transcibe here for your thought:
188. Yet though there fell in that defeat at Kinsale so few of the
Irish that they would not miss them after a while, and indeed did not
miss even then, yet there was not lost in any defeat in recent times
in Ireland so much as was lost there. There was lost there to begin
with the one island which was most productive and fruitful, most
temerate in heat and cold in the greater part of Europe,in which
there was much honey and wheat, with many fish-abounding, rivers,
waterfalls and estuaries, in whichwer calm, profitable harbours, as
the first man of the race of Gaedil Glas, son of Niul, who came to
Ireland gave this testimony, ie:Ith, son of Breaogan, in the presence
of the last kings who were of the Tuatha De Danann over Eire. There
were lost there all who escaped of the noble freeborn sons of Mil,
valiant, impetious chiefs, lords of territories and tribes,
chieftains of districts and cantreds; for it is full certain that
there never will be in Erin at any time together people better or
more famous than the nobles who were there, and who died afterwards
in other countries one after another, after being robbed of their
patramony and their noble land which they left to their enemies in
that defeat.there were lost besides nobility and honor, generosity
and great deeds, hospitality and kindliness, courtesy and noble
birth, culture and activity, streangth and courage, valour and
steadfastness, the authority and sovereignty of the Gaels of Ireland
to the end of time.'
Odonnell after this defeat tells his men to go home with their prey
to their family and their lands that he cannot return to Donegal but
will go to Spain. He was enraged at the loss and in so much sorry of
it that his people though he might kill himself.He said he would
rather die than stand with those Irish who had been routed meaning
Oneill and his forces.
The ms lists the defeat at kinsale as Jan 3 1602 Not Christmas eve.
The solders kept Christmas and the nativity in their camp before they
marched to the attack of the English stronghold.
He took ship at Castlehaven with his retainers and Captain Reamon de
Burc mac Sean na Seamar and Captain Aod Moss mac Roibeard. on Jan 6
1602
He landed safely at Coronna Spain from whence his ancestors had come
to Ireland.When he saw King Phillip the king promised him aid and
asked him to wait at Coronna. ODonnell waited ten months there and
than went out to reseak his petition. When he arrived at a town called
Simancas two miles from the kings palace he was taken ill with a
desease. At the end of 16 days he died of this desease on September 10
1602.
The King of Spain gave him a state funeral and buried him in the
chapel house of the monastary of St Francis. He was 30 years old.
'194. Pitiful indeed, was the state of the Gaels of Ireland after the
death of the true prince, for they changed their characteristics and
dispositionss. they gave up bravery for cowardice, courage for
weakness, pride for servility. Their hatred, valor, prowess, heroism,
triumph, and military glory vanished after his death. they abandoned
all hope of relief from any one, so that most of them fled thereafter
to the mercy of foes and enemies, those who were noblest of them,
under the guise of peace and friendship. And some of them were
dispersed and scattered not only throughout Ireland but all over
Europe in groups and bands, poor and miserable, and others as
soldiers of fortune in foreign lands for pay and hire, so that many
of them were killed and others died, and the graves they are buried
in are unknown. But, indeed, it would be tedious to recount or relate
the great woes which were sown and propagated in Ireland as the
result of the death of Aodh O Domnaill.'
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
<
[middle] and english by the Irish Text Society.
The Great Lords of the North
When the two great lords of the north O Domnail and O Neil met with
their well ordered forces at Dun Bain in Munster of the Carberries
[Bandain i Cairpreacaib]and procceded down to Kinsale to assist the
beseiged Don Juan Aguila of Spain, they held a conference among
themselves and their chiefs as how best to proceed.
O Neil advised that an attack would not be wise because ofthe English
great strength of numbers but that they should be kept under siege,
which they already were in their fort until theyshould die of
hunger,or surrender
O Domnail oppositionally felt that the English should be attacked
forthwith as it brought shame to the Irish honor to let the Spanish
king Phillip had sent be distroyed by the English while the Irish
forces did nothing to relieve them.
This plan carried the day with the chiefs present in the two armys
and was to be implimented.
However the two lords O Neill and O Domnaill had between them a code
of chivalry that neither of them should be put before the other into
the forefront of battle.
This created a tension among the troops as well as themselves and it
was agreed that they would go shoulder to shoulder into the fight as
one rather than one army proceeding the other.
This plan was cumbersome and could not give the pathfinders and
guides a clear direction of the road they were on. Hence during their
night march intended to arrive at the English encapment in early morn
for best suprise attach was foiled the army becoming separated and
lost during the march. It was unable therefore to arrive at the
English stronghold until mid morning in broad daylight loosings its
cover.
The ONeill flank found itself face to face with well oiled shot and
was turned into the ODonnell army next it with the English horse in
quick pursuit. This creatd a melee and a rout of the Irish army into
a retreat.
It is said also that the lord Deputy[mountjoy] has intelligence of
the move to attack from Irish persons in the Irish camp .
This history transcibed from older MS by OCleary of the Fransiscan
monastary and ollam to the cenel conail includes a fine peice of
writing in year ten 1601 which i transcibe here for your thought:
188. Yet though there fell in that defeat at Kinsale so few of the
Irish that they would not miss them after a while, and indeed did not
miss even then, yet there was not lost in any defeat in recent times
in Ireland so much as was lost there. There was lost there to begin
with the one island which was most productive and fruitful, most
temerate in heat and cold in the greater part of Europe,in which
there was much honey and wheat, with many fish-abounding, rivers,
waterfalls and estuaries, in whichwer calm, profitable harbours, as
the first man of the race of Gaedil Glas, son of Niul, who came to
Ireland gave this testimony, ie:Ith, son of Breaogan, in the presence
of the last kings who were of the Tuatha De Danann over Eire. There
were lost there all who escaped of the noble freeborn sons of Mil,
valiant, impetious chiefs, lords of territories and tribes,
chieftains of districts and cantreds; for it is full certain that
there never will be in Erin at any time together people better or
more famous than the nobles who were there, and who died afterwards
in other countries one after another, after being robbed of their
patramony and their noble land which they left to their enemies in
that defeat.there were lost besides nobility and honor, generosity
and great deeds, hospitality and kindliness, courtesy and noble
birth, culture and activity, streangth and courage, valour and
steadfastness, the authority and sovereignty of the Gaels of Ireland
to the end of time.'
Odonnell after this defeat tells his men to go home with their prey
to their family and their lands that he cannot return to Donegal but
will go to Spain. He was enraged at the loss and in so much sorry of
it that his people though he might kill himself.He said he would
rather die than stand with those Irish who had been routed meaning
Oneill and his forces.
The ms lists the defeat at kinsale as Jan 3 1602 Not Christmas eve.
The solders kept Christmas and the nativity in their camp before they
marched to the attack of the English stronghold.
He took ship at Castlehaven with his retainers and Captain Reamon de
Burc mac Sean na Seamar and Captain Aod Moss mac Roibeard. on Jan 6
1602
He landed safely at Coronna Spain from whence his ancestors had come
to Ireland.When he saw King Phillip the king promised him aid and
asked him to wait at Coronna. ODonnell waited ten months there and
than went out to reseak his petition. When he arrived at a town called
Simancas two miles from the kings palace he was taken ill with a
desease. At the end of 16 days he died of this desease on September 10
1602.
The King of Spain gave him a state funeral and buried him in the
chapel house of the monastary of St Francis. He was 30 years old.
'194. Pitiful indeed, was the state of the Gaels of Ireland after the
death of the true prince, for they changed their characteristics and
dispositionss. they gave up bravery for cowardice, courage for
weakness, pride for servility. Their hatred, valor, prowess, heroism,
triumph, and military glory vanished after his death. they abandoned
all hope of relief from any one, so that most of them fled thereafter
to the mercy of foes and enemies, those who were noblest of them,
under the guise of peace and friendship. And some of them were
dispersed and scattered not only throughout Ireland but all over
Europe in groups and bands, poor and miserable, and others as
soldiers of fortune in foreign lands for pay and hire, so that many
of them were killed and others died, and the graves they are buried
in are unknown. But, indeed, it would be tedious to recount or relate
the great woes which were sown and propagated in Ireland as the
result of the death of Aodh O Domnaill.'
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
<
Wednesday, July 11, 2007
Irish History Synopsis:The maguire Abuses
The Maguire Abuses
In 1590 there was much abuse and lawlessness in the counry of Ireland
Generally with the appointed Lord Deputies and justices out to
feather their own nests at the expense of the natives and their
fellow English settlers. The abuses of the government agents under
the old staid absolute rule of Elizabeth 1 was rampant in the
land.
Sir Richard Bingham President of Connact raided Fernmanagh
drove out Maguires cattle killed women and children and exacted
ransoms. Edmund Maguires head was struck from his neck and insolently
kicked about as a football by the soldiers.
Lord Essex confiscated Island Magee from Shane m Brian the heir of
long duration upon this young mans father's death.Sir Henry Bagenal,
Marshall of the forces in Ireland imprisoned this young heir until he
gave him[Bagenal] his lands of Maughry More.
Although the Queens deputy has issued patents that the Maguire lands
and possessions would not be molested Sir Bingham and his family came
from Connact with force of arms burned the county took off 3000 cows
500 horses women and prisoners.When Maguire complained Bingham came
again taking this time 6000 cows killing and murdering accompanied by
Maguires neighbor in Monahan Captain Henshaw taking more cows and
women killing all, men women and children.
The appeals to the Lord Deputy the Queens appointed representative
went unheard and no redress was given from fitz William. However the
Lord Deputy did promise Maguire that he would not be charged with
Sherrifs or other officers upon payment of a bribe to his Lordship of
300 beef plus 150 beefs to the marshall, sir Bagenal. However a
Captain Willis and a Captain Fuller with a company plus [100 men] to
be sherrif of Maguires lands having been given commissions from the
LD.These are the officers of the Queens service who cut off the head
of Edmund Maguire and hurled it about as a football Willis and
company were subsequently banished from the country.
Sir William furthermore executed one McMahon in his own house in
Monahan not recognising the seccession of this person to his rightful
estates. By this execution the parties divided the county of Monahan
under British garrison by Sir W fitz William the Lord Deputy between
Sir Bagenal, Baron Elliott,Solicitor Wilbrahan, Captain
Henshaw,Captain Willis,the parson O Connellan, Hugh
Strawbridge,Thomas Ashe, Charles Fleming and other strangers
disinheriting the native population by force and deceit. Some of
those who objected were later ambushed and slain by Parson O
Connellan and Captain Willis.
If any of these abuses were reported to the government either in the
Pale or in London they were not reported to the Queen showing once
again the inability of any absolute monarch or dictator to control
and have knowledge of the powers they hold over others.
Elizabeth when she did get a complaint responded that these acts had
been done without her authority and that they had been reported to
her she would have redressed them. However nothing was done to
relieve the confiscations and abuses of her appointed officers in
Ireland.
Hugh ONeill the Earl of Tyrone having no confidence in the Pale
government set out himself for London to lay the Irish grevience
before the Queen.
This however proved his undoing as it was illegal to leave Ireland
without permission of the Viceroy in Dublin and he was therfore
imprisoned in the Tower.
A month later his submission was recievd and he was required to bind
himself again to articles of submission.
He renounced the title of O Neill
consented to the shiring of Tyrone
Consented to the erection of jails in Tyrone
that a perveyance should be paid to the Queen within 10 months
that he would levy no armed force
that he would make no incursion into a neighbors territory except to
take back prey taken from him
He agreed not to execute any man without a commission from the Lord
Deputy(an exception made for martial law)
to keep a troop of horsemen in the Queens pay always ready for
service
Not to admit monks or friars to his territory
not to correspond with foreign traitors
to promote the use of English dress
to sell provisions to the Blackwater fort
He promised to send surities{ Hostages}
who were not to be detained in Dublin Castle but commited to the care
of merchants or gentlemen of the Pale.
The surities were to be changed every 3 months
For this the government of Her Majesty agreed to protect the Earl
from all molestation.
These articles of Agreement signed on June 7 1590
were confirmed by the Deputy and Gentlemen of the Pale
However controversy continued between The Earl of Tyrone and his
uncle Turlogh Lynnagh O Neill of Strabane who had killed his father
and made him a ward of Queen Elizabeth. This controversy was
aggravated by Perrot's kidnapping of Hugh Roe O Donnell imprisoning
him as a teen ager in the Castle from which he escaped after 5 years.
By 1595 ONeill had been proclamed traitor and was engagd with the
armys of Norris , Sir John ,who was trying to bring supplies to
Armagh. ONeill met with this force at Clontibert. In this battle an
anglo/irish man with the Eng forces tryed to select out and attack
ONeill at the river depending on his great size to defeat the Chief.
ONeill met him in full approach with lances afore and both were
slivered on implact. Seagrave depending on his great strength
wrestled ONeill by the neck from his horse. O Neill was able to slay
this man with a dagger as both armies looked on.
During this frey Turlogh Lynnagh O Neill died of old age and Hugh was
left to become the ONeill and therfore chief of all Ulster.
There appears to be many parallels between some of the things we are
aware of in the modern world and the stuggles of these 500 year old
figures.
History allows us to see ourselves and our thinking and our acts and
our awareness and judge if we have actually made very much
improvement at all.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright august 1 2007
Sat Jun 2, 2007 11:06 pm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V
In 1590 there was much abuse and lawlessness in the counry of Ireland
Generally with the appointed Lord Deputies and justices out to
feather their own nests at the expense of the natives and their
fellow English settlers. The abuses of the government agents under
the old staid absolute rule of Elizabeth 1 was rampant in the
land.
Sir Richard Bingham President of Connact raided Fernmanagh
drove out Maguires cattle killed women and children and exacted
ransoms. Edmund Maguires head was struck from his neck and insolently
kicked about as a football by the soldiers.
Lord Essex confiscated Island Magee from Shane m Brian the heir of
long duration upon this young mans father's death.Sir Henry Bagenal,
Marshall of the forces in Ireland imprisoned this young heir until he
gave him[Bagenal] his lands of Maughry More.
Although the Queens deputy has issued patents that the Maguire lands
and possessions would not be molested Sir Bingham and his family came
from Connact with force of arms burned the county took off 3000 cows
500 horses women and prisoners.When Maguire complained Bingham came
again taking this time 6000 cows killing and murdering accompanied by
Maguires neighbor in Monahan Captain Henshaw taking more cows and
women killing all, men women and children.
The appeals to the Lord Deputy the Queens appointed representative
went unheard and no redress was given from fitz William. However the
Lord Deputy did promise Maguire that he would not be charged with
Sherrifs or other officers upon payment of a bribe to his Lordship of
300 beef plus 150 beefs to the marshall, sir Bagenal. However a
Captain Willis and a Captain Fuller with a company plus [100 men] to
be sherrif of Maguires lands having been given commissions from the
LD.These are the officers of the Queens service who cut off the head
of Edmund Maguire and hurled it about as a football Willis and
company were subsequently banished from the country.
Sir William furthermore executed one McMahon in his own house in
Monahan not recognising the seccession of this person to his rightful
estates. By this execution the parties divided the county of Monahan
under British garrison by Sir W fitz William the Lord Deputy between
Sir Bagenal, Baron Elliott,Solicitor Wilbrahan, Captain
Henshaw,Captain Willis,the parson O Connellan, Hugh
Strawbridge,Thomas Ashe, Charles Fleming and other strangers
disinheriting the native population by force and deceit. Some of
those who objected were later ambushed and slain by Parson O
Connellan and Captain Willis.
If any of these abuses were reported to the government either in the
Pale or in London they were not reported to the Queen showing once
again the inability of any absolute monarch or dictator to control
and have knowledge of the powers they hold over others.
Elizabeth when she did get a complaint responded that these acts had
been done without her authority and that they had been reported to
her she would have redressed them. However nothing was done to
relieve the confiscations and abuses of her appointed officers in
Ireland.
Hugh ONeill the Earl of Tyrone having no confidence in the Pale
government set out himself for London to lay the Irish grevience
before the Queen.
This however proved his undoing as it was illegal to leave Ireland
without permission of the Viceroy in Dublin and he was therfore
imprisoned in the Tower.
A month later his submission was recievd and he was required to bind
himself again to articles of submission.
He renounced the title of O Neill
consented to the shiring of Tyrone
Consented to the erection of jails in Tyrone
that a perveyance should be paid to the Queen within 10 months
that he would levy no armed force
that he would make no incursion into a neighbors territory except to
take back prey taken from him
He agreed not to execute any man without a commission from the Lord
Deputy(an exception made for martial law)
to keep a troop of horsemen in the Queens pay always ready for
service
Not to admit monks or friars to his territory
not to correspond with foreign traitors
to promote the use of English dress
to sell provisions to the Blackwater fort
He promised to send surities{ Hostages}
who were not to be detained in Dublin Castle but commited to the care
of merchants or gentlemen of the Pale.
The surities were to be changed every 3 months
For this the government of Her Majesty agreed to protect the Earl
from all molestation.
These articles of Agreement signed on June 7 1590
were confirmed by the Deputy and Gentlemen of the Pale
However controversy continued between The Earl of Tyrone and his
uncle Turlogh Lynnagh O Neill of Strabane who had killed his father
and made him a ward of Queen Elizabeth. This controversy was
aggravated by Perrot's kidnapping of Hugh Roe O Donnell imprisoning
him as a teen ager in the Castle from which he escaped after 5 years.
By 1595 ONeill had been proclamed traitor and was engagd with the
armys of Norris , Sir John ,who was trying to bring supplies to
Armagh. ONeill met with this force at Clontibert. In this battle an
anglo/irish man with the Eng forces tryed to select out and attack
ONeill at the river depending on his great size to defeat the Chief.
ONeill met him in full approach with lances afore and both were
slivered on implact. Seagrave depending on his great strength
wrestled ONeill by the neck from his horse. O Neill was able to slay
this man with a dagger as both armies looked on.
During this frey Turlogh Lynnagh O Neill died of old age and Hugh was
left to become the ONeill and therfore chief of all Ulster.
There appears to be many parallels between some of the things we are
aware of in the modern world and the stuggles of these 500 year old
figures.
History allows us to see ourselves and our thinking and our acts and
our awareness and judge if we have actually made very much
improvement at all.
Judi Donnelly
Copyright august 1 2007
Sat Jun 2, 2007 11:06 pm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
V
Tuesday, July 10, 2007
Irish Hisotry SynopsisStatutes of Kilkenny
The Statutes of Kilkenny were passed and signed into law in Nov 1366
by the Irish Parliament and signed by The Duke of Clarence second
son of Edward III. Clarence has married Elizabeth de Burgo daughter
of the famous Red Earl of Ulster and therby inheirited from her the
lands of both Ulster and Connact.[the irish script spelling]
He was appointed lieutenant in 1361 and came over to Ireland a tall
handsome young man to please the anglo irish who wanted a prince of
the blood to rule over them.
He brought with him 64 Lords who had been absentee to occupy their
estates in Ireland and an amry of 1500 men.
After some years rule which was mostly restoring recovered lands to
the anglo irish conquerors(normans) Lionel the Duke of Clarence of
the house of York summoned an assembly to enact laws pertaining to
the rule of Ireland.
These were the 35 acts of the Statutes of Kilkenny which provided for
in the Norman French than the language of the land the following
provisions:
There would be no fosterage of children among the Irish
Nor marriage
Or gossipred(godparenting and baptism)
no cases at dispute would be decided in the Brehon Law or the March
Law
No Irish minsterals, poets or storytellers were to be allowed
no selling of horses or armour in times of peace
no selling of food in times of war
all names must be english surnames
all must speak english language Irish forbiden
All use of english customs and dress
the english Norman saddle,the heavy saddle, (the irish rode bereback)
and the study of the bow and arrow were to be used*
*Note; The saddle of the Norman calvery and mailed Knight was
cumbersome and heavy like our western saddle. The English lite and
small saddle is more like what the Irish might have used when a
saddle was used at all.
To speak the Irish tongue was to forfiet all lands to the Lord until
English was spoken exclusively
All Irish were excluded from the English cathederals abbeys and
benfices
All Engish chiefs to arrest any of their own found to be 'evildoing'
and turn them over to the law
Kerns and hired soldiers to be maintained only at the Marches (ie the
currah)
four keepers in each county to determine fitness for service of the
english in their army
the 'mere irish' were denied English citizenship or protection of the
english law
Irish were not allowed to own land, inherit land, hold office or seek
justice in the courts.
the 'mere Irish' were styled in the statute 'the Kings irish enemies'
the Irish were held to be in a condition of servitude.
These statutes were effective in all conquored lands in Ireland.
They were endorsed by the archbishops of Tuam,Cashel and Dublin with
the concurrence of the bishops of Waterford-lismore, Killaloe,
Ossery, Leighlin and Cloyne.
Individual Charters were to be granted by the king to those who
submitted to English law and where therby granted the rights of a
leige or a subject.
After making these Laws Lionel Duke of Clarence of the house of York
left Ireland for good and later died in Itlay in Oct of 1368. He left
one child Philippa who married Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March who
through her inherited the Earldom of Ulster which later passed to the
Crown.
A third of the Irish land was in the hands of the families of
Burke,Butler, Roches and Geraldines these were than known as
the' 'captains of their nations' along with the native gaelic chiefs
still reamining the five bloods ONeill , O Brian, Mc Murrough, O
Connor the O Donnell.
The statute was intended to effectively separate these two races from
one another in all aspects of common life and to place English king
and English cultures the only culture or language or controlling
power in the Island.
Some years later under these restictive legislations 35 of the ruling
gaelic chiefs submitted to Richard II in 1395 therby receiving their
lands in return for allegiencs and military bonnachts to the king and
accepting english law as ruling and english dress and language as
their own.
the O Niell , the Mc
Carthy, the Obrien, the Oconnor ,O Reilly, O Bryne, and finally Mc
Murrough in Jan 1395 on a sunday in lent submittd followed by O Bryne
O Toole and O Connor.
This submission was never ratified by the English king or parliament.
Nial More submited at Drogeda with all his chiefs following but O
Donnell and his vassels [oireacht] Fernmagh and Sligo -the McGuire
and the Oconnor don- and the chiefs of the Connact seaboard.
On Marh 16 1395 Nial Og O Neill submitted for his father, prince of
the Irish of Ulster, surrendering the bonnacht all lands liberties
and lordships.
Taig McCarthy More surrendered along with Mc Carthy of Muskerry,
Turlough donn O Conor of Connact and O Kennedy of Munster and Brian O
Brien of Thumond.
Richard died at Ravenspur, Derby in 1399. These early surrender and
regrant submissions was used by Henry VIII to claim his surzanity in
Irleand in 1540.
SONA LA CAISE GO LEIR
[ Happy Day Easter to all or entirly]
Judi Donnelly
Copyright august 1 2007
Wed Apr 4, 2007 1:48 pm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
by the Irish Parliament and signed by The Duke of Clarence second
son of Edward III. Clarence has married Elizabeth de Burgo daughter
of the famous Red Earl of Ulster and therby inheirited from her the
lands of both Ulster and Connact.[the irish script spelling]
He was appointed lieutenant in 1361 and came over to Ireland a tall
handsome young man to please the anglo irish who wanted a prince of
the blood to rule over them.
He brought with him 64 Lords who had been absentee to occupy their
estates in Ireland and an amry of 1500 men.
After some years rule which was mostly restoring recovered lands to
the anglo irish conquerors(normans) Lionel the Duke of Clarence of
the house of York summoned an assembly to enact laws pertaining to
the rule of Ireland.
These were the 35 acts of the Statutes of Kilkenny which provided for
in the Norman French than the language of the land the following
provisions:
There would be no fosterage of children among the Irish
Nor marriage
Or gossipred(godparenting and baptism)
no cases at dispute would be decided in the Brehon Law or the March
Law
No Irish minsterals, poets or storytellers were to be allowed
no selling of horses or armour in times of peace
no selling of food in times of war
all names must be english surnames
all must speak english language Irish forbiden
All use of english customs and dress
the english Norman saddle,the heavy saddle, (the irish rode bereback)
and the study of the bow and arrow were to be used*
*Note; The saddle of the Norman calvery and mailed Knight was
cumbersome and heavy like our western saddle. The English lite and
small saddle is more like what the Irish might have used when a
saddle was used at all.
To speak the Irish tongue was to forfiet all lands to the Lord until
English was spoken exclusively
All Irish were excluded from the English cathederals abbeys and
benfices
All Engish chiefs to arrest any of their own found to be 'evildoing'
and turn them over to the law
Kerns and hired soldiers to be maintained only at the Marches (ie the
currah)
four keepers in each county to determine fitness for service of the
english in their army
the 'mere irish' were denied English citizenship or protection of the
english law
Irish were not allowed to own land, inherit land, hold office or seek
justice in the courts.
the 'mere Irish' were styled in the statute 'the Kings irish enemies'
the Irish were held to be in a condition of servitude.
These statutes were effective in all conquored lands in Ireland.
They were endorsed by the archbishops of Tuam,Cashel and Dublin with
the concurrence of the bishops of Waterford-lismore, Killaloe,
Ossery, Leighlin and Cloyne.
Individual Charters were to be granted by the king to those who
submitted to English law and where therby granted the rights of a
leige or a subject.
After making these Laws Lionel Duke of Clarence of the house of York
left Ireland for good and later died in Itlay in Oct of 1368. He left
one child Philippa who married Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March who
through her inherited the Earldom of Ulster which later passed to the
Crown.
A third of the Irish land was in the hands of the families of
Burke,Butler, Roches and Geraldines these were than known as
the' 'captains of their nations' along with the native gaelic chiefs
still reamining the five bloods ONeill , O Brian, Mc Murrough, O
Connor the O Donnell.
The statute was intended to effectively separate these two races from
one another in all aspects of common life and to place English king
and English cultures the only culture or language or controlling
power in the Island.
Some years later under these restictive legislations 35 of the ruling
gaelic chiefs submitted to Richard II in 1395 therby receiving their
lands in return for allegiencs and military bonnachts to the king and
accepting english law as ruling and english dress and language as
their own.
the O Niell , the Mc
Carthy, the Obrien, the Oconnor ,O Reilly, O Bryne, and finally Mc
Murrough in Jan 1395 on a sunday in lent submittd followed by O Bryne
O Toole and O Connor.
This submission was never ratified by the English king or parliament.
Nial More submited at Drogeda with all his chiefs following but O
Donnell and his vassels [oireacht] Fernmagh and Sligo -the McGuire
and the Oconnor don- and the chiefs of the Connact seaboard.
On Marh 16 1395 Nial Og O Neill submitted for his father, prince of
the Irish of Ulster, surrendering the bonnacht all lands liberties
and lordships.
Taig McCarthy More surrendered along with Mc Carthy of Muskerry,
Turlough donn O Conor of Connact and O Kennedy of Munster and Brian O
Brien of Thumond.
Richard died at Ravenspur, Derby in 1399. These early surrender and
regrant submissions was used by Henry VIII to claim his surzanity in
Irleand in 1540.
SONA LA CAISE GO LEIR
[ Happy Day Easter to all or entirly]
Judi Donnelly
Copyright august 1 2007
Wed Apr 4, 2007 1:48 pm
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sunday, July 8, 2007
Irish History Synopsis:The Connors of Connacht
The Connors of Connacht
Rory O Connor Last King of Ireland died in 1206.
At the time the kingdom of Connacht was held by Cahall Carrach
OConnorh his eldest son.
Rory the former and last king of Ireland with opposition had a son
called Cahall Carragh his ligitimate heir.This Carragh was able to
banish Cahall Crobhderg [hand or talon red] O Connor (bh is pronounced
v in irish hence the english write v)]
This prince went north to his relative O Neale where they joined
forces along with Fernmanagh and in 1200 they preyed Roscommon
district.
Carragh with the English of Leinster also preyed the country. He
overthrow O Neall accompied by the English forces under William Power
and the king of Fernmanagh O Heignye.
Crovderg O Conner with De Lacy and De Coursy met Carragh with his
Irish/English forces where they were overthrown by Carragh.
De Courseys forces with his men who were disoriented and lost took
to Loch Ree where many of them were drowned being without help.
Crovederg was captured and taken to theO Brian castle near Kells till
he gave back the prey. He did so and when he was released he went to
McCarthy and William Burke in the south. John de Coursey returned to
Ulster.
The forces of Crovderg along with Burke and mcCarthy returned to
Connacht to Ath da Laragh at the Abby of Boyle built by O Duffy in
1161 for the Cistercian Order.
This force was encountered by Cahall Carragh O Connor king of Connacht
son of Rory O Connor last king of all Ireland at Gortin Coule Luachra
when in the skirmish Carragh was killed in the year 1201.
Crovederg and Burke than went to W Connact to Conge [Counge] where
they kept Easter.
During this period these allies Burke and the sons of Flatherty
conspired to kill Crovederg though this was prevented and Burke
retired to Lymbrick[Limerick] and Crovderg took the kingship of
Connacht to himself.
Later in the following year 1202 Crovederg with Meyler Bremyngham an
English lord banished William Burke out of Limerick from whence he
went to England to the king John for help.These forces ,Burke and
Crobhderg, later made a peace between them.
In 1208 King John came to Ireland and landed with a great army at
Dublin. Cahall Crobhderg O Connor came to Johns house to banish
Walter de Lacy out of Meath.
O Neal came to John and departed from him without giving hostages or
security.
O Connor came a second time to King John and rendered 4 hostages
namely Conor God O Hara prince of Lauiane[ Lwayne], Dermott mac
Connor O Moyleronie[ Mulrony], Finn O Carmaccan chief of Clan Kelly
and Torveara m Gallgoyle.
In 1210 the tanist of Connact died.this was Mortaigh MOYNEIGH M
TERLAGH and ONeale came to Fernmanagh to stop construction of a
castle by the Erne He did this by killing the builders and the
constable.
In this year also 1210 Cobhderg O Connor became deathly ill and could
not stand but he recovered and he spent Christmas with the Deputy of
Ireland in Dublin.
In 1212 ONeale and all his forces of the North assaulted the Clone
Castle built by and English Bishop which he took and killed all the
warders.
At that time Melaghlin M Art was preying Connacht and the
countryside.All the forces of the English of Ulster Munster and Meath
with the Irish forces bound to the King of England gathered together
at the bridge of Timme where the 2 forces fought at Clare ath Monce
[Kildare].these combined forces prevailed against Melaghlin of Meath.
Crobhderg's son Terlagh M Cahall Crobhderg O Connor died under arrest
of the English . Cathal Melaghlin attacked again and returned safely
to his home with his prey from Connacht. In the Year 1217 Crobhderg's
wife the daughter [ingen] of More OBryens died as did King John of
England.the reign of Hnery III began and continued for 65 years till
1282
.Crobhderg gathered his forces once more in 1223 The English who being
afraid of this confrontation made a peace with him at the castle of
Athliag on the Shannon [sionan]Crobhderg than broke down this castle.
In this year shortly ,after Cahall Crovderg O Connor died at Broyeoll
a Cistercian Abby at Knockmoy. He had been very bountiful to the
Church and reverent and died a rich man. His son Hugh m Cahall
Crobhderg
OConnor bcame king of Connacht.This did not end the OConnor stuggle
against the English.
Hugh had to provide hostages, his son and daughter which were taken
by force by the English along with all the principle men of Connacht.
Hugh was charged with criminal activity and was to be convicted but
he had a friend in high places William Mareschall{Morisco} who was
in great favor with the king and by the sword rescued Hugh Crobhderg
and conveyed him safely to Connacht.
Hugh O Connor came to an agreement with Geoffry March-the Earl of
March- who had prosecuted him and was restord his kingdom of
Connacht.He subsequently went to the Deputies house where he was
killed by an English servant of Marches.The cause of this killing of
the king was that the mans wife had washed the kings hair and body
and he, the king, had kissed her in gratitude for her services. this
enraged a jelousy in the man . March had this servant Hung the next
day.
Hughs brother Felym took the kingship of Connact in 1230.
The battle continued between Felym O Connor and the sons of Rory
OConnor for the kingship of Connact
This internicene fued continued up until the time of Brian ONealle
who it was agreed Brian should have the kingship of all Ireland
between O Connor and ONealle at Casle Coile Ushe. O Connor gave him
hsotages.
In 1260 Brian with his forces fought the English at Downe da leath
glasse [down patrick] in county down where he was killed with 10 of
the princes of the north and 15 Ulster chiefs.Connacht lost 13
princes and leaders.
The O Connor tribes continued to battle over the rule of the province
of Connacht for another two centures and it is amasing that any of
them survived at all.
Brian is buried in the Armagh cathederal along with Brian Boroue and
this date represents the last chance of an all Ireland king
acceptable to all without opposition. This ended effectivly the unity
of Ireland under one central leader and government structure. The
province steadily decended into internicene killing of brother
against brother to obtain the rule of the province until the vacumn
was finally filled with the intergection of Henry 8 and his daughter
Elizabeth 2 who moved to take absolute control of the Irish
countryside and her people though subjection and regrant.with the
fall of the Great and last ONealle at Kinsale
James Stuart of Scotland son of Mary Queen of Scots and James
Darnley who became by Elizabeths will King of England as James 1 was
able to establish the plantation system begun by his cousin Mary in
Offaly the plantation of Kings county and Queens county.
Cahall Crobhderg O Connor was the decendant of Eochaid Mugmean[ Muid
meadon}` through his son by Mongfinn{ hair blond} through her son
Brian ,half brother of Nial of the 9 hostages.
Mongfinn was the sister or child of Crimethann whom she poisoned
after she had married him on the death of MugMean who died from a
flux of the belly [dysentry] they were the children of Fidach who was
chief of the Fianna and Duban who reamins unidentified..She is also
listed as the mother of Fearadach Finn who was the grandfather of ST
Molling of the Barrow.The dates of these people is still unclear. as
are all dates as we dont know exactly when the time changed from BC
to AD anni Domino
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Sat Apr 21, 2007 6:20 pm
Rory O Connor Last King of Ireland died in 1206.
At the time the kingdom of Connacht was held by Cahall Carrach
OConnorh his eldest son.
Rory the former and last king of Ireland with opposition had a son
called Cahall Carragh his ligitimate heir.This Carragh was able to
banish Cahall Crobhderg [hand or talon red] O Connor (bh is pronounced
v in irish hence the english write v)]
This prince went north to his relative O Neale where they joined
forces along with Fernmanagh and in 1200 they preyed Roscommon
district.
Carragh with the English of Leinster also preyed the country. He
overthrow O Neall accompied by the English forces under William Power
and the king of Fernmanagh O Heignye.
Crovderg O Conner with De Lacy and De Coursy met Carragh with his
Irish/English forces where they were overthrown by Carragh.
De Courseys forces with his men who were disoriented and lost took
to Loch Ree where many of them were drowned being without help.
Crovederg was captured and taken to theO Brian castle near Kells till
he gave back the prey. He did so and when he was released he went to
McCarthy and William Burke in the south. John de Coursey returned to
Ulster.
The forces of Crovderg along with Burke and mcCarthy returned to
Connacht to Ath da Laragh at the Abby of Boyle built by O Duffy in
1161 for the Cistercian Order.
This force was encountered by Cahall Carragh O Connor king of Connacht
son of Rory O Connor last king of all Ireland at Gortin Coule Luachra
when in the skirmish Carragh was killed in the year 1201.
Crovederg and Burke than went to W Connact to Conge [Counge] where
they kept Easter.
During this period these allies Burke and the sons of Flatherty
conspired to kill Crovederg though this was prevented and Burke
retired to Lymbrick[Limerick] and Crovderg took the kingship of
Connacht to himself.
Later in the following year 1202 Crovederg with Meyler Bremyngham an
English lord banished William Burke out of Limerick from whence he
went to England to the king John for help.These forces ,Burke and
Crobhderg, later made a peace between them.
In 1208 King John came to Ireland and landed with a great army at
Dublin. Cahall Crobhderg O Connor came to Johns house to banish
Walter de Lacy out of Meath.
O Neal came to John and departed from him without giving hostages or
security.
O Connor came a second time to King John and rendered 4 hostages
namely Conor God O Hara prince of Lauiane[ Lwayne], Dermott mac
Connor O Moyleronie[ Mulrony], Finn O Carmaccan chief of Clan Kelly
and Torveara m Gallgoyle.
In 1210 the tanist of Connact died.this was Mortaigh MOYNEIGH M
TERLAGH and ONeale came to Fernmanagh to stop construction of a
castle by the Erne He did this by killing the builders and the
constable.
In this year also 1210 Cobhderg O Connor became deathly ill and could
not stand but he recovered and he spent Christmas with the Deputy of
Ireland in Dublin.
In 1212 ONeale and all his forces of the North assaulted the Clone
Castle built by and English Bishop which he took and killed all the
warders.
At that time Melaghlin M Art was preying Connacht and the
countryside.All the forces of the English of Ulster Munster and Meath
with the Irish forces bound to the King of England gathered together
at the bridge of Timme where the 2 forces fought at Clare ath Monce
[Kildare].these combined forces prevailed against Melaghlin of Meath.
Crobhderg's son Terlagh M Cahall Crobhderg O Connor died under arrest
of the English . Cathal Melaghlin attacked again and returned safely
to his home with his prey from Connacht. In the Year 1217 Crobhderg's
wife the daughter [ingen] of More OBryens died as did King John of
England.the reign of Hnery III began and continued for 65 years till
1282
.Crobhderg gathered his forces once more in 1223 The English who being
afraid of this confrontation made a peace with him at the castle of
Athliag on the Shannon [sionan]Crobhderg than broke down this castle.
In this year shortly ,after Cahall Crovderg O Connor died at Broyeoll
a Cistercian Abby at Knockmoy. He had been very bountiful to the
Church and reverent and died a rich man. His son Hugh m Cahall
Crobhderg
OConnor bcame king of Connacht.This did not end the OConnor stuggle
against the English.
Hugh had to provide hostages, his son and daughter which were taken
by force by the English along with all the principle men of Connacht.
Hugh was charged with criminal activity and was to be convicted but
he had a friend in high places William Mareschall{Morisco} who was
in great favor with the king and by the sword rescued Hugh Crobhderg
and conveyed him safely to Connacht.
Hugh O Connor came to an agreement with Geoffry March-the Earl of
March- who had prosecuted him and was restord his kingdom of
Connacht.He subsequently went to the Deputies house where he was
killed by an English servant of Marches.The cause of this killing of
the king was that the mans wife had washed the kings hair and body
and he, the king, had kissed her in gratitude for her services. this
enraged a jelousy in the man . March had this servant Hung the next
day.
Hughs brother Felym took the kingship of Connact in 1230.
The battle continued between Felym O Connor and the sons of Rory
OConnor for the kingship of Connact
This internicene fued continued up until the time of Brian ONealle
who it was agreed Brian should have the kingship of all Ireland
between O Connor and ONealle at Casle Coile Ushe. O Connor gave him
hsotages.
In 1260 Brian with his forces fought the English at Downe da leath
glasse [down patrick] in county down where he was killed with 10 of
the princes of the north and 15 Ulster chiefs.Connacht lost 13
princes and leaders.
The O Connor tribes continued to battle over the rule of the province
of Connacht for another two centures and it is amasing that any of
them survived at all.
Brian is buried in the Armagh cathederal along with Brian Boroue and
this date represents the last chance of an all Ireland king
acceptable to all without opposition. This ended effectivly the unity
of Ireland under one central leader and government structure. The
province steadily decended into internicene killing of brother
against brother to obtain the rule of the province until the vacumn
was finally filled with the intergection of Henry 8 and his daughter
Elizabeth 2 who moved to take absolute control of the Irish
countryside and her people though subjection and regrant.with the
fall of the Great and last ONealle at Kinsale
James Stuart of Scotland son of Mary Queen of Scots and James
Darnley who became by Elizabeths will King of England as James 1 was
able to establish the plantation system begun by his cousin Mary in
Offaly the plantation of Kings county and Queens county.
Cahall Crobhderg O Connor was the decendant of Eochaid Mugmean[ Muid
meadon}` through his son by Mongfinn{ hair blond} through her son
Brian ,half brother of Nial of the 9 hostages.
Mongfinn was the sister or child of Crimethann whom she poisoned
after she had married him on the death of MugMean who died from a
flux of the belly [dysentry] they were the children of Fidach who was
chief of the Fianna and Duban who reamins unidentified..She is also
listed as the mother of Fearadach Finn who was the grandfather of ST
Molling of the Barrow.The dates of these people is still unclear. as
are all dates as we dont know exactly when the time changed from BC
to AD anni Domino
Judi Donnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
Sat Apr 21, 2007 6:20 pm
Saturday, July 7, 2007
Irish History Synopsis Garret Mor Ftzgerald
One of the famous names of Medieval Ireland was that of Garret MoreFitzgerald of Kildare.This great earl was so popular with the people of his holdingthat he came close to being crowned a king of Ireland over Henry Tudor.Henry VIII declared that 'since all Ireland cannot rule this man,this man must rule all Ireland' and on this note on meeting GarretMore Henry restored him as Deputy and gave him to wife his owncousin, Elizabeth St John.
This Earl of Kildare the 8th was the son of Thomas had been takento Florence Italy as a child for his protection and was raised there.He was Lord Deputy from 1477 till he died in 1513. During this timehe continued his familys policy of marrage alliances. His sisterEleanor married Conn son of Henry the ONeill in 1480 in defiance ofthe Statutes of Kilkenny which forbad under penalty of land forfitureany intermarriage between Norman[old english] or English and NativeIrish persons the children of this alliance were declared of freeestate by an act of Parliament.One of the sons of Conn More son of Henry the ONeill was called ConnBacach because he had a limp or lameness. He inheritied the ONeill in 1519 and died in 1559, and was the nefew of Garret More Fitzgerald ofKildare.He was also the father of the ill fated Mathew Baron of DungannonUnder Elizabeth 1, father of Brian and Hugh{Aeda}. this Mathew waskilled by the forces of Shane ONeill in his fight with the McDonnell or McDonaldscots
The child Hugh was rescued by the Queens forces and taken to Londonwhere he was raised for some years in the royal custody. This Hughbecame ONeill himself on the Death of Turlock Leinech who wasinagurated the ONeill on the death of Shane who was fostered by theDonnellys after he was roundly defeated by the ODonnell at SwillyFarasetmore in 1567.
He [Shane] being a compete egotist threw himslef on the mercy of thethe scot Mac Donnells whose leader he had killed in the fight justbefore along with his brother Mathew who was killed during thisfrey*,or as a sideline to it. Shane was thereupon induced to getdrunk with them and in an altercation over some difference he wasslain by these scots warriors in vengance for the loss of theirleader. One of the Donnellys called Dudley died with him.
Turloch Leinech ONeill was inagurated in 1568 and was married toAgnus Campbell of Argyll who had at her command 2000 gallowglasses asa part of her dowry.This Turloch ruled peacefully from Strabane tillhe died in 1587 when the ONeill passed to the remaining ONeilldescendant Hugh ONeill Earl of Tyrone who became in Irish eyes theGreat ONeill who fought the battle of the Yellow Ford[ ath buide] in1598 and the finaly battle of Kinsale on Chrismas Eve in 1601.
In former Years thou the family of Garret More who had five daughtersbuilt up a sucessful alliance through marriage with the great housesof the Gael and the Gall. Ulick Burke of Clanricard, Donal Mc CarthyReigh, Mulrony O Carroll of Ely and Offlay,The Lord of Slane, andMargaret to Piers Butler Lord of Ormand deputy and head of thePolestown Butlers.
Garret More secured the successsion of the ONeill or the OKelly Heliked and distroying with his artilery the castles of hisopponents.In 1504 Garret More was opposed by his son -in-law UlickBurke who not only took over the town of Galway for himself butwas abusive to Garret's daughter.
A great battle was finally ajoined where Kildare summoned to him O DONNELL, O NEILL, O KELLY, THE MAYO BURKES, the English of the PALEand of Obrien 's English of CLANRICARD as well as the CHIEFS OFORMOND and CONNACT
This army mustered could have conquered THE PALE IN 24 HOURS had heso chosen to claim the CROWN of IRELAND.The battle was fought on Aug 19 1504 ' and I was first married onAUG 19 1954 .
Ten thousand men fought at the at the hill of Cnoc Taugh near GalwayThese armies were equiped with bows, bills,, spears and swords,horsemen, and axemen the battle was so fierce that that 1800gallowglasses of Clanricard where slain outright only one battalionof 10 escaped alive.This famous victory gave Kildare the garter from the king Henry 8He entered Galway in glory. He did not although pose himself toa separate kingship over Ireland but although suspected of being asecret yorkist of the white rose favored by all the Irish nobles herealised that a new day of the Tudors had come .With the failure ofthe yorkist hope and he did not ignore the news from scotland thatJames had brought the lordship of the ilses to rest with the hangingof John Mac Donnell and his three sons.
In 1505 Hugh Oge O Donnell became after his father Lord ofTyrconnell, Sligo, Fernmanagh and Leitrim. He had allied with Kildarefor over 40 years againt the Clanricard and was a leader in a desireto unite Scotland and Ireland against England with a Yorkistrestoration as was Edward IV.O Donnell was a chief who travled and spoke other languages. Hevisited Rome in 1510 and was knighted by the King in London. ODonnell was in communication with James IV of Scotland regardinguniting the two kingdoms against Henry but before that couldmaterialise the Great Earl Garret More Fitzgersald of Kildare wasdead.He died in a petty skirmish with the OMores of Leix in trying one ofthe kings new guns on them one of them returned fire. He died on Sept 3 1513 and 6 days later the King of Scots James IV died at Floodenwith his entire calvary. O Donnell wrote to the King Henry to obsolvehimself of any suspition.
"Garrett More came nearer to being the accepted kind of Irleand thanany man since the Conquest, and his popularity lasted for the fortyyears of his rule. He is discribed as a might man of stature, full ofhonor and courage, open and plain, hardly able to rule himself whenhe was moved to anger, easily displeased and soon appeased, ofthe English well beloved, a good justicar, a suppresser of rebels anda warrior incomparable.. Under him though the union of the two raceswas not operated, there was a growing sense of a new nationality,and Gaelic chiefs and Old English lords allied and intermarriedopenly.
The influence of the Renaissance was seen in Ireland in thefounding of Kilkenny school by Piers Butler in a spendid college atMaynooth, built by the great Earl, and the fine library both ofmanuscrips and books that the Earl and his son had in MaynoothCastle. And if Ireland was dominatd by a numerous and powerfularistocracy without a king, at least a civilization under Methuen & CoLtd.[ London]
Garrett Oge suceeded his father and was a good administrtor aswell. Henry was content to let him rule as Deputy but there wasintrige afoot from England from Henrys new minister Wolsey. In 1515Earl Thomas Butler of Ormand died and his right went to his grandsonSir Thomas Boylyn who was the father of Anne Boylyn who subsequntlybecame the favorite of Henry 8 and the mother of the famous queenElizabeth I.
Many new rents and cesses where placed on the Irish and the Butlersintriues against Kildare for their own powers and favors from thekingAt last in 1520 Henry appointed an English noblemen Thomas Earl ofSurrey son of the Duke of Norfolk a yorkist as Lord Leiutenant ofIreland who arrived with an army of 1,000 men. Some of the IrishChiefs came in to Surrey amongh them Hugh Oge O Donnell and ConnBacach who was now the ONeill, Cormac McCarthy lord of Carbery.Henry adopted the policy of surrender and regrant for these lordssaying' that though we are above the laws we will take nothing thatbelongs to them'The Boylyns and the Butlers were allied againt the Kildare for over12 years.Henry made the great break with Rome over his desire to marry AnneBoylyn from 1529 -1536.Thomas Cromwell replaced the chief ministry ofWolsey.Under him the fall of the Kildare house was achieved.In February 1534 Garret Oge was summoned to London and lodged in theTower.He appointed his son Thomas known as Silken Thomas because of thegarments he chose for himself and his bodygaurd.
The Butlers spead the rumor that the Earl was dead in the Tower andon June 11 Silken Thomas surrendered the sword of State and renouncedHenry and his deputyship. He was around 21 years of age.He retired to his castle at Maynooth and threw himself into the handsof the Pope and the Emperor who he declared Henry had forfeitedIreland by his excomunication and heresy.However this enraged Henry and he sent in Sir William Skeffingtonwith the largest army for some time seen in Ireland. Thomas LordOffaly was declared a traitor and the curse of the church waspublished.This curse was shown to the old Earl Garret Oge ,who than died ofdispair in the Tower. in December of 1534.Skeffington captured Maynooth in March of 1535 after a wek seige allwarders executed as an 'example'In Aug Silken Thomas surrendered unconditionally and was sent to theTower.He was executed at Tyburn in February 1535 along with 5 of hisuncles.There was no parliamentary protection for or house of peersfor the Irish who could be held indefinatly in the tower for years inmysery and without trial to be executed at will by the whim of themonarch.This heralded the end of the house of Kildare. One geraldine was leftthe young 10 year old brother of Thomas who was rescued by his auntLady Eleanor widow of MacCarthy of Carbery who married Manus OODonnell to unify the north with the south.This child was later taken out of Donegal and into the continet ofEurope.
With the fall of this house and the establishement of the GeraldineLeague on behalf of the young brother of Thomas, the kingreesablished under Lord Gray the attaintment of the gerladinesrepresenting some 9 counties. Black rents were abolshed to the Irishcheiftanry ,intermarriage and fostering was forbidden with the Irish,keeping of Irish minstrels rymers and bards was forbidden among theEnglish ,Irish dress was forbidden among the Irish and English andEnglish language was to be used.In 1541 both Con Bacach the ONeill and ODonnell submitted to thesubmit and regrant programs of Henry who was than the Earl of Ulsterand Lord of Leix and Connact He now held through the attainted landsof Kildare and Desmond the lordship of Carlow Wexford and most ofLeinsterThe Pope moved to establish Jesuits in Ireland in 1541 to holdIreland at all costs for the Faith now that it ws established Henrywould not be brought back into the Faith but would continue with theReformation and his own etablished Royal Church.
So passed an era of history into the beginings of the Eliabethan erathe great conquests of the New World by both Spain England and Francewith which we are all familiar.
*there is some discrepancy in the death of mathew that he was killed by Turlock Leinech ONeill during shanes visit to the Court of Elizabeth sas she detained his returna ndTurlock felt that by eliminating mathew he would become the Oneill
SONA LA FEILE PADRAIC[ Happy Day geneous Patrick}
JudiDonnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
This Earl of Kildare the 8th was the son of Thomas had been takento Florence Italy as a child for his protection and was raised there.He was Lord Deputy from 1477 till he died in 1513. During this timehe continued his familys policy of marrage alliances. His sisterEleanor married Conn son of Henry the ONeill in 1480 in defiance ofthe Statutes of Kilkenny which forbad under penalty of land forfitureany intermarriage between Norman[old english] or English and NativeIrish persons the children of this alliance were declared of freeestate by an act of Parliament.One of the sons of Conn More son of Henry the ONeill was called ConnBacach because he had a limp or lameness. He inheritied the ONeill in 1519 and died in 1559, and was the nefew of Garret More Fitzgerald ofKildare.He was also the father of the ill fated Mathew Baron of DungannonUnder Elizabeth 1, father of Brian and Hugh{Aeda}. this Mathew waskilled by the forces of Shane ONeill in his fight with the McDonnell or McDonaldscots
The child Hugh was rescued by the Queens forces and taken to Londonwhere he was raised for some years in the royal custody. This Hughbecame ONeill himself on the Death of Turlock Leinech who wasinagurated the ONeill on the death of Shane who was fostered by theDonnellys after he was roundly defeated by the ODonnell at SwillyFarasetmore in 1567.
He [Shane] being a compete egotist threw himslef on the mercy of thethe scot Mac Donnells whose leader he had killed in the fight justbefore along with his brother Mathew who was killed during thisfrey*,or as a sideline to it. Shane was thereupon induced to getdrunk with them and in an altercation over some difference he wasslain by these scots warriors in vengance for the loss of theirleader. One of the Donnellys called Dudley died with him.
Turloch Leinech ONeill was inagurated in 1568 and was married toAgnus Campbell of Argyll who had at her command 2000 gallowglasses asa part of her dowry.This Turloch ruled peacefully from Strabane tillhe died in 1587 when the ONeill passed to the remaining ONeilldescendant Hugh ONeill Earl of Tyrone who became in Irish eyes theGreat ONeill who fought the battle of the Yellow Ford[ ath buide] in1598 and the finaly battle of Kinsale on Chrismas Eve in 1601.
In former Years thou the family of Garret More who had five daughtersbuilt up a sucessful alliance through marriage with the great housesof the Gael and the Gall. Ulick Burke of Clanricard, Donal Mc CarthyReigh, Mulrony O Carroll of Ely and Offlay,The Lord of Slane, andMargaret to Piers Butler Lord of Ormand deputy and head of thePolestown Butlers.
Garret More secured the successsion of the ONeill or the OKelly Heliked and distroying with his artilery the castles of hisopponents.In 1504 Garret More was opposed by his son -in-law UlickBurke who not only took over the town of Galway for himself butwas abusive to Garret's daughter.
A great battle was finally ajoined where Kildare summoned to him O DONNELL, O NEILL, O KELLY, THE MAYO BURKES, the English of the PALEand of Obrien 's English of CLANRICARD as well as the CHIEFS OFORMOND and CONNACT
This army mustered could have conquered THE PALE IN 24 HOURS had heso chosen to claim the CROWN of IRELAND.The battle was fought on Aug 19 1504 ' and I was first married onAUG 19 1954 .
Ten thousand men fought at the at the hill of Cnoc Taugh near GalwayThese armies were equiped with bows, bills,, spears and swords,horsemen, and axemen the battle was so fierce that that 1800gallowglasses of Clanricard where slain outright only one battalionof 10 escaped alive.This famous victory gave Kildare the garter from the king Henry 8He entered Galway in glory. He did not although pose himself toa separate kingship over Ireland but although suspected of being asecret yorkist of the white rose favored by all the Irish nobles herealised that a new day of the Tudors had come .With the failure ofthe yorkist hope and he did not ignore the news from scotland thatJames had brought the lordship of the ilses to rest with the hangingof John Mac Donnell and his three sons.
In 1505 Hugh Oge O Donnell became after his father Lord ofTyrconnell, Sligo, Fernmanagh and Leitrim. He had allied with Kildarefor over 40 years againt the Clanricard and was a leader in a desireto unite Scotland and Ireland against England with a Yorkistrestoration as was Edward IV.O Donnell was a chief who travled and spoke other languages. Hevisited Rome in 1510 and was knighted by the King in London. ODonnell was in communication with James IV of Scotland regardinguniting the two kingdoms against Henry but before that couldmaterialise the Great Earl Garret More Fitzgersald of Kildare wasdead.He died in a petty skirmish with the OMores of Leix in trying one ofthe kings new guns on them one of them returned fire. He died on Sept 3 1513 and 6 days later the King of Scots James IV died at Floodenwith his entire calvary. O Donnell wrote to the King Henry to obsolvehimself of any suspition.
"Garrett More came nearer to being the accepted kind of Irleand thanany man since the Conquest, and his popularity lasted for the fortyyears of his rule. He is discribed as a might man of stature, full ofhonor and courage, open and plain, hardly able to rule himself whenhe was moved to anger, easily displeased and soon appeased, ofthe English well beloved, a good justicar, a suppresser of rebels anda warrior incomparable.. Under him though the union of the two raceswas not operated, there was a growing sense of a new nationality,and Gaelic chiefs and Old English lords allied and intermarriedopenly.
The influence of the Renaissance was seen in Ireland in thefounding of Kilkenny school by Piers Butler in a spendid college atMaynooth, built by the great Earl, and the fine library both ofmanuscrips and books that the Earl and his son had in MaynoothCastle. And if Ireland was dominatd by a numerous and powerfularistocracy without a king, at least a civilization under Methuen & CoLtd.[ London]
Garrett Oge suceeded his father and was a good administrtor aswell. Henry was content to let him rule as Deputy but there wasintrige afoot from England from Henrys new minister Wolsey. In 1515Earl Thomas Butler of Ormand died and his right went to his grandsonSir Thomas Boylyn who was the father of Anne Boylyn who subsequntlybecame the favorite of Henry 8 and the mother of the famous queenElizabeth I.
Many new rents and cesses where placed on the Irish and the Butlersintriues against Kildare for their own powers and favors from thekingAt last in 1520 Henry appointed an English noblemen Thomas Earl ofSurrey son of the Duke of Norfolk a yorkist as Lord Leiutenant ofIreland who arrived with an army of 1,000 men. Some of the IrishChiefs came in to Surrey amongh them Hugh Oge O Donnell and ConnBacach who was now the ONeill, Cormac McCarthy lord of Carbery.Henry adopted the policy of surrender and regrant for these lordssaying' that though we are above the laws we will take nothing thatbelongs to them'The Boylyns and the Butlers were allied againt the Kildare for over12 years.Henry made the great break with Rome over his desire to marry AnneBoylyn from 1529 -1536.Thomas Cromwell replaced the chief ministry ofWolsey.Under him the fall of the Kildare house was achieved.In February 1534 Garret Oge was summoned to London and lodged in theTower.He appointed his son Thomas known as Silken Thomas because of thegarments he chose for himself and his bodygaurd.
The Butlers spead the rumor that the Earl was dead in the Tower andon June 11 Silken Thomas surrendered the sword of State and renouncedHenry and his deputyship. He was around 21 years of age.He retired to his castle at Maynooth and threw himself into the handsof the Pope and the Emperor who he declared Henry had forfeitedIreland by his excomunication and heresy.However this enraged Henry and he sent in Sir William Skeffingtonwith the largest army for some time seen in Ireland. Thomas LordOffaly was declared a traitor and the curse of the church waspublished.This curse was shown to the old Earl Garret Oge ,who than died ofdispair in the Tower. in December of 1534.Skeffington captured Maynooth in March of 1535 after a wek seige allwarders executed as an 'example'In Aug Silken Thomas surrendered unconditionally and was sent to theTower.He was executed at Tyburn in February 1535 along with 5 of hisuncles.There was no parliamentary protection for or house of peersfor the Irish who could be held indefinatly in the tower for years inmysery and without trial to be executed at will by the whim of themonarch.This heralded the end of the house of Kildare. One geraldine was leftthe young 10 year old brother of Thomas who was rescued by his auntLady Eleanor widow of MacCarthy of Carbery who married Manus OODonnell to unify the north with the south.This child was later taken out of Donegal and into the continet ofEurope.
With the fall of this house and the establishement of the GeraldineLeague on behalf of the young brother of Thomas, the kingreesablished under Lord Gray the attaintment of the gerladinesrepresenting some 9 counties. Black rents were abolshed to the Irishcheiftanry ,intermarriage and fostering was forbidden with the Irish,keeping of Irish minstrels rymers and bards was forbidden among theEnglish ,Irish dress was forbidden among the Irish and English andEnglish language was to be used.In 1541 both Con Bacach the ONeill and ODonnell submitted to thesubmit and regrant programs of Henry who was than the Earl of Ulsterand Lord of Leix and Connact He now held through the attainted landsof Kildare and Desmond the lordship of Carlow Wexford and most ofLeinsterThe Pope moved to establish Jesuits in Ireland in 1541 to holdIreland at all costs for the Faith now that it ws established Henrywould not be brought back into the Faith but would continue with theReformation and his own etablished Royal Church.
So passed an era of history into the beginings of the Eliabethan erathe great conquests of the New World by both Spain England and Francewith which we are all familiar.
*there is some discrepancy in the death of mathew that he was killed by Turlock Leinech ONeill during shanes visit to the Court of Elizabeth sas she detained his returna ndTurlock felt that by eliminating mathew he would become the Oneill
SONA LA FEILE PADRAIC[ Happy Day geneous Patrick}
JudiDonnelly
Copyright August 1 2007
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